{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T08:02:03Z","timestamp":1784534523061,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/Y003748\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/Y003748\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/W014416\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W014416\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["227897 \/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["227897 \/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01HG200362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01HG200362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000179","name":"Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000179","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"National Institutes of Health Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T23:54:43Z","timestamp":1777334083000},"page":"106265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Insights into the genetic aetiology of diabetes in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"127","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1158-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisha N.","family":"Wade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5154-3943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn","family":"Padoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adebowale","family":"Adeyemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5800-4520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib1","series-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"Federation","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112277","article-title":"Global type 1 diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality estimates 2025: results from the International diabetes Federation Atlas, 11th Edition, and the T1D Index Version 3.0","volume":"225","author":"Ogle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaf025","article-title":"Driving Global Health equity and precision medicine through African genomic data","author":"Ojewunmi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06495-3","article-title":"Global perspectives on monogenic forms of diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Russ-Silsby","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2011.00828.x","article-title":"Incidence, genetics, and clinical phenotype of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus in northwest Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Habeb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2032425","article-title":"Incidence, phenotypes, and genotypes of neonatal diabetes: a 16-Year experience. The rare genetic etiologies of neonatal diabetes are common in Sudan","volume":"2024","author":"Hassan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000360421","article-title":"Consanguinity and dysmorphology in Arabs","volume":"77","author":"Al-Gazali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2010.00679.x","article-title":"Two novel mutations in the EIF2AK3 gene in children with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Reis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v15i4.37","article-title":"Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus - a case report of a rare cause of diabetes mellitus in East Africa","volume":"15","author":"Nyangabyaki-Twesigye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"9997","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60098-8","article-title":"The effect of early, comprehensive genomic testing on clinical care in neonatal diabetes: an international cohort study","volume":"386","author":"De Franco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142244","article-title":"Monogenic diabetes: a gateway to precision medicine in diabetes","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.684018","article-title":"Tunisian maturity-onset diabetes of the young: a short review and a new molecular and clinical investigation","volume":"12","author":"Moalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-024-04850-3","article-title":"Treatment switch from multiple daily insulin injections to sulphonylureas in an African young adult diagnosed with HNF1A MODY: a case report","volume":"18","author":"Katte","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2023.0550","article-title":"Novel WFS1 variants in two Moroccan families with Wolfram Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Bouhouche","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genet Test Mol Biomarkers"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14204","article-title":"Identification of a subgroup of black South Africans with type 1 diabetes who are older at diagnosis but have lower levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase and islet antigen 2 autoantibodies","volume":"37","author":"Padoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(25)00120-2","article-title":"Non-autoimmune, insulin-deficient diabetes in children and young adults in Africa: evidence from the Young-Onset Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa (YODA) cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Katte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1331","article-title":"HLA DR-DQ haplotypes and genotypes and type 1 diabetes risk: analysis of the type 1 diabetes genetics consortium families","volume":"57","author":"Erlich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v3.i8.149","article-title":"HLA-DQB1\u2217 alleles and genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Mosaad","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib19","first-page":"113","article-title":"HLA-B\u221708 carry a risk for type 1 diabetes among cow's milk exposed Egyptian infants and unmarked linkage disequilibrium with DR3-DQA1\u221705-DQB1\u221702 haplotype","volume":"26","author":"El-Amir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/pedi\/8258430","article-title":"Diabetes, celiac, and thyroid-related autoantibodies in HLA genotyped Ethiopian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional study","volume":"2025","author":"Gudeta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05229-x","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes in Africa: an immunogenetic study in the Amhara of North-West Ethiopia","volume":"63","author":"Balcha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.15319","article-title":"Complete HLA genotyping of type 1 diabetes patients and controls from Mali reveals both expected and novel disease associations","volume":"103","author":"Noble","year":"2024","journal-title":"HLA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2014.12.001","article-title":"Family-based association study of HLA class II with type 1 diabetes in Moroccans","volume":"63","author":"Drissi Bourhanbour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol Biol (Paris)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2001.057004348.x","article-title":"HLA class II antigens in South African Blacks with type I diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Pirie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13209","article-title":"Clinical features, biochemistry, and HLA-DRB1 status in youth-onset type 1 diabetes in Sudan","volume":"22","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0754-5586","article-title":"Association of HLA class II alleles and haplotypes with type 1 diabetes in Tunisian Arabs","volume":"127","author":"Hajjej","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0699","article-title":"HLA class I and genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes: results from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium","volume":"59","author":"Noble","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00159-0","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes in diverse ancestries and the use of genetic risk scores","volume":"10","author":"Redondo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2024.77","article-title":"The vitamin D receptor TaqI TT genotype is associated with type 1 diabetes in the Black South African population","volume":"13","author":"Bhola","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01097-1","article-title":"The association of vitamin D binding protein levels and genotypes with type 1 diabetes in the black South African population","volume":"22","author":"Cave","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13201","article-title":"Genetic association between interleukin-10 gene rs1518111 and rs3021094 polymorphisms and risk of type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in Egyptian children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"El Helaly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2539871","article-title":"Autoantibodies to zinc transporter 8 and SLC30A8 genotype in type 1 diabetes childhood: a pioneering study in North Africa","volume":"2022","author":"Fakhfakh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10404-7","article-title":"MALAT1 SNP (rs619586) shows a protective effect against type 1 diabetes mellitus, while the miR-146a SNP (rs57095329) is linked to an increased risk of developing the disease","volume":"52","author":"Hamdy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.52225\/narra.v5i1.1603","article-title":"RAGE gene polymorphism (rs1800625) and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a potential new model for early diagnosis and risk prediction","volume":"5","author":"Mohamed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Narra J"},{"issue":"8003","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07019-6","article-title":"Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology","volume":"627","author":"Suzuki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.3.838","article-title":"A genome-wide search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in West Africans: the Africa America Diabetes Mellitus (AADM) Study","volume":"53","author":"Rotimi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00335","article-title":"Evaluation of genome wide association study associated type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci in sub Saharan Africans","volume":"6","author":"Adeyemo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2015.0116","article-title":"Common variants associated with type 2 diabetes in a Black South African population of Setswana descent: african populations diverge","volume":"19","author":"Chikowore","year":"2015","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2012.02.003","article-title":"European genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes in North African Arabs","volume":"38","author":"Cauchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10967-7","article-title":"ZRANB3 is an African-specific type 2 diabetes locus associated with beta-cell mass and insulin response","volume":"10","author":"Adeyemo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4880-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Africa","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.208","article-title":"SNPs in KCNQ1 are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in East Asian and European populations","volume":"40","author":"Unoki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.207","article-title":"Variants in KCNQ1 are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"40","author":"Yasuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7486","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12828","article-title":"Sequence variants in SLC16A11 are a common risk factor for type 2 diabetes in Mexico","volume":"506","author":"Consortium","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.004","article-title":"Uganda genome resource enables insights into population history and genomic discovery in Africa","volume":"179","author":"Gurdasani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06395-6","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifying novel risk variants associated with glycaemic traits in the continental African AWI-Gen cohort","volume":"68","author":"Chebii","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib47","first-page":"S27","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in Diabetes-2025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050","article-title":"IDF diabetes Atlas: estimation of global and regional gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group's Criteria","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmt013","article-title":"Genetic variants and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399817666210219124628","article-title":"GST T1, M1, and IRS-1 G972R genetic variants association to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Egyptian women: linkage to maternal hyperglycemia","volume":"18","author":"Barseem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S294328","article-title":"No association between ADIPOQ or MTHFR polymorphisms and gestational diabetes mellitus in South African women","volume":"14","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddac050","article-title":"Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of gestational diabetes mellitus highlights genetic links with type 2 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Pervjakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01607-4","article-title":"Distinct and shared genetic architectures of gestational diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Elliott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00165-1","article-title":"Precision medicine for cardiometabolic disease: a framework for clinical translation","volume":"11","author":"Franks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30106-2","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of long-term treatment with sulfonylureas in patients with neonatal diabetes due to KCNJ11 mutations: an international cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Bowman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2709","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2494","article-title":"Sulfonylurea treatment before genetic testing in neonatal diabetes: pros and cons","volume":"99","author":"Carmody","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.283980","article-title":"Prevalence of vascular complications among patients with glucokinase mutations and prolonged, mild hyperglycemia","volume":"311","author":"Steele","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05982-9","article-title":"Bringing precision medicine to the management of pregnancy in women with glucokinase-MODY: a study of diagnostic accuracy and feasibility of non-invasive prenatal testing","volume":"66","author":"Hughes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60160-0","article-title":"Development of a clinical calculator to aid the identification of MODY in pediatric patients at the time of diabetes diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Shields","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-1565","article-title":"MODY calculator and clinical features routinely used to distinguish MODY from type 2 diabetes in adults perform poorly for youth clinically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Kreienkamp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0379-x","article-title":"Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities","volume":"51","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22574-5","article-title":"Application of a genetic risk score to racially diverse type 1 diabetes populations demonstrates the need for diversity in risk-modeling","volume":"8","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1727","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes risk in african-ancestry participants and utility of an ancestry-specific genetic risk score","volume":"42","author":"Onengut-Gumuscu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1111","article-title":"A type 1 diabetes genetic risk score can aid discrimination between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young adults","volume":"39","author":"Oram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1785","article-title":"Development and standardization of an improved type 1 diabetes genetic risk score for use in newborn screening and incident diagnosis","volume":"42","author":"Sharp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-1833","article-title":"The impact of ancestry on performance of type 1 diabetes genetic risk scores: high discrimination performance is maintained in African ancestry populations, but population-specific thresholds may improve risk prediction","volume":"49","author":"Squires","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1690","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes genetic risk score: a novel tool to discriminate monogenic and type 1 diabetes","volume":"65","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06419-1","article-title":"Clinical use of polygenic scores in type 2 diabetes: challenges and possibilities","volume":"68","author":"Prasad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab046","article-title":"Genetic risk scores for cardiometabolic traits in sub-Saharan African populations","volume":"50","author":"Ekoru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0365","article-title":"Polygenic prediction of type 2 diabetes in Africa","volume":"45","author":"Chikowore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091381","article-title":"Polygenic risk score and risk factors for gestational diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Perisic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13356","article-title":"A genetic risk score that includes common type 2 diabetes risk variants is associated with gestational diabetes","volume":"87","author":"Kawai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-022-00788-y","article-title":"An early prediction model for gestational diabetes mellitus based on genetic variants and clinical characteristics in China","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.955821","article-title":"Genetic risk score to improve prediction and treatment in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib75","first-page":"S59","article-title":"4. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: standards of care in Diabetes-2025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00852-9","article-title":"The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002383","article-title":"Impact of common genetic determinants of Hemoglobin A1c on type 2 diabetes risk and diagnosis in ancestrally diverse populations: a transethnic genome-wide meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Wheeler","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.08.010","article-title":"Impact of rare and common genetic variants on diabetes diagnosis by hemoglobin A1c in multi-ancestry cohorts: the trans-omics for precision medicine program","volume":"105","author":"Sarnowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0168","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies blood disorder-related variants influencing hemoglobin A(1c) with implications for glycemic status in U.S. Hispanics\/Latinos","volume":"42","author":"Moon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-0556","article-title":"Undiagnosed G6PD deficiency in Black and Asian individuals is prevalent and contributes to health inequalities in type 2 diabetes diagnosis and complications","volume":"48","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111965","article-title":"Health disparities in diabetes treatment: the challenge of G6PD deficiency","volume":"219","author":"Israel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2406156","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in patients with G6PD deficiency","volume":"391","author":"Israel","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03089-1","article-title":"Adaptive selection at G6PD and disparities in diabetes complications","volume":"30","author":"Breeyear","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/162.4.1849","article-title":"Nucleotide variability at G6pd and the signature of malarial selection in humans","volume":"162","author":"Saunders","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbs1503011","article-title":"Molecular characterization of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in different ethnic groups of blood donors in Mauritania","volume":"15","author":"Taleb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Schol Ed)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220977","article-title":"Assessment of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity using CareStart G6PD rapid diagnostic test and associated genetic variants in Plasmodium vivax malaria endemic setting in Mauritania","volume":"14","author":"Djigo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-023-00170-9","article-title":"Incidence trends of inherited anemias at the global, regional, and national levels over three decades","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04269-5","article-title":"Prevalence of G6PD deficiency and distribution of its genetic variants among malaria-suspected patients visiting Metehara health centre, Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"21","author":"Shenkutie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2437-8","article-title":"Low and heterogeneous prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in different settings in Ethiopia using phenotyping and genotyping approaches","volume":"17","author":"Shitaye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0557","article-title":"Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency genetic variants in malaria patients in Southwestern Ethiopia","volume":"98","author":"Carter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13487","article-title":"G6PD and HBB polymorphisms in the Senegalese population: prevalence, correlation with clinical malaria","volume":"10","author":"Thiam","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib92","first-page":"262","article-title":"The role of the G6PD AEth376G\/968C allele in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the seerer population of Senegal","volume":"91","author":"De Araujo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2009.8","article-title":"Allelic heterogeneity of G6PD deficiency in West Africa and severe malaria susceptibility","volume":"17","author":"Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.31.46.16527","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency allelic variants and their prevalence in malaria patients in Eritrea","volume":"31","author":"Tseghereda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324269","article-title":"Phenome-wide association study and functional annotation of hemoglobin A1c-associated variants in African populations","volume":"20","author":"Soremekun","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1691","article-title":"Hemoglobin A1c genetics and disparities in risk of diabetic retinopathy in individuals of genetically inferred African American\/African British and European ancestries","volume":"47","author":"Mandla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib100","article-title":"Population prevalence, penetrance, and mortality for genetically confirmed MODY","author":"Sharp","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01209","article-title":"The African genomic medicine training initiative (AGMT): showcasing a community and framework driven genomic medicine training for nurses in Africa","volume":"10","author":"Nembaware","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Genet"}],"container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396426001477?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396426001477?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:05:52Z","timestamp":1784531152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352396426001477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["S2352396426001477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-3964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Insights into the genetic aetiology of diabetes in Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eBioMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106265","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106265"}}