{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:52:56Z","timestamp":1785912776831,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","onlinejase.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T03:05:19Z","timestamp":1675739119000},"page":"447-463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Ultrasound Imaging of the Superior Vena Cava: A State-of-the-Art Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1833-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahaa M.","family":"Fadel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahaa","family":"Kazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dania","family":"Mohty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(14)80386-6","article-title":"Doppler flow velocity patterns of the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, hepatic vein, coronary sinus, and atrial septal defect: a guide for the echocardiographer","volume":"4","author":"Reynolds","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(87)80343-1","article-title":"Superior vena cava and hepatic vein Doppler echocardiography in healthy adults","volume":"10","author":"Appleton","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2015150056","article-title":"Comprehensive imaging review of the superior vena cava","volume":"35","author":"Sonavane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960280804","article-title":"Echocardiography of the superior vena cava","volume":"28","author":"Khouzam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib5","series-title":"Transesophageal echocardiography","author":"Freeman","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib6","series-title":"Gray\u2019s anatomy of the human body","author":"Gray","year":"1918"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2007.06.002","article-title":"CT angiography of the superior vena cava: normative values and implications for central venous catheter position","volume":"18","author":"Mahlon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2009.02.013","article-title":"The right sided great vessels by cardiac multidetector computed tomography: normative reference values among healthy adults free of cardiopulmonary disease, hypertension, and obesity","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euje.2006.03.006","article-title":"Prominent crista terminalis and Eustachian ridge in the right atrium: two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) imaging","volume":"8","author":"McKay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05621-1","article-title":"Transthoracic echocardiography to evaluate the superior vena cava in critically ill patients: window description and pilot study","volume":"45","author":"Ugalde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.07.009","article-title":"Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists","volume":"26","author":"Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2018.06.004","article-title":"Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination in adults: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"32","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.10.003","article-title":"Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13771","article-title":"Two- and three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of superior vena cava, crista terminalis, and right atrial appendage using the right parasternal approach","volume":"34","author":"Arisha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2022.02.002","article-title":"Clinical utility of superior vena cava flow velocity waveform measured from the subcostal window for estimating right atrial pressure","volume":"35","author":"Murayama","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/150461","article-title":"Clinical validation of superior vena cava respiratory variation in predicting fluid responsiveness using transthoracic echocardiography technique: a pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201604-0844OC","article-title":"Comparison of echocardiographic indices used to predict fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients","volume":"195","author":"Vignon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.23.3.349","article-title":"Velocity of blood flow in normal human venae cavae","volume":"23","author":"Wexler","year":"1968","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(70)90060-4","article-title":"Right atrium and superior vena cava flow velocity in man measured with the Doppler-Catheter flowmeter-telemetry system","volume":"48","author":"Benchimol","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(70)90279-6","article-title":"Phasic right atrium and superior vena cava flow velocity in patients with tricuspid insufficiency","volume":"79","author":"Benchimol","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.57.5.930","article-title":"Transcutaneous Doppler jugular venous flow velocity recording","volume":"57","author":"Sivaciyan","year":"1978","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.1.215","article-title":"Superior vena caval blood flow velocities in adults: a Doppler echocardiographic study","volume":"61","author":"Cohen","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.55.535","article-title":"Characteristics of blood flow velocity patterns of central systemic veins in healthy adults assessed by Doppler echocardiography","volume":"55","author":"Maeda","year":"1991","journal-title":"Jpn Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1177\/1129729820951035","article-title":"The fibroblastic sleeve, the neglected complication of venous access devices: a narrative review","volume":"22","author":"Passaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vasc Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e318299ff22","article-title":"Retained fibrin sheaths: chest computed tomography findings and clinical associations","volume":"29","author":"Krausz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-020-00906-2","article-title":"Persistent left superior vena cava: clinical importance and differential diagnoses","volume":"11","author":"Azizova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.1991.tb01038.x","article-title":"Transesophageal echocardiographic examination of left-sided superior vena cava and azygos and hemiazygos veins","volume":"8","author":"Nanda","year":"1991","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)82758-1","article-title":"Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography","volume":"29","author":"Ammash","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)34264-3","article-title":"Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the right side of the heart","volume":"98","author":"Gustafson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12744","article-title":"Respiratory hemodynamics in the hepatic veins-normal pattern","volume":"32","author":"Fadel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12757","article-title":"Respiratory hemodynamics in the hepatic veins--abnormal patterns","volume":"32","author":"Fadel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2007.00602.x","article-title":"Doppler superior vena cava flow evolution and respiratory variation in superior vena cava syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Lv","year":"2008","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8175.2003.00015.x","article-title":"Doppler diagnosis of acute occlusion of the superior vena cava","volume":"20","author":"Benenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(88)90208-2","article-title":"Demonstration of restrictive ventricular physiology by Doppler echocardiography","volume":"11","author":"Appleton","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.01.028","article-title":"Manifestations of cardiovascular disorders on Doppler interrogation of the hepatic veins","volume":"12","author":"Fadel","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12377","article-title":"Elevated right ventricular end-diastolic pressure by Doppler echocardiography-a case report","volume":"31","author":"Fadel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.79.2.357","article-title":"Differentiation of constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy by Doppler echocardiography","volume":"79","author":"Hatle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.07.033","article-title":"Imaging assessment of tricuspid regurgitation severity","volume":"12","author":"Hahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90514-2","article-title":"Diagnostic role of Doppler echocardiography in constrictive pericarditis","volume":"23","author":"Oh","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00472-0","article-title":"Comparison of mitral inflow and superior vena cava Doppler velocities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and constrictive pericarditis","volume":"32","author":"Boonyaratavej","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(70)90706-X","article-title":"The hemodynamics of cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis","volume":"26","author":"Shabetai","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(90)91356-B","article-title":"Superior vena cava Doppler flow velocity patterns in pericardial disease","volume":"65","author":"Byrd","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)90060-2","article-title":"Cardiac tamponade and pericardial effusion: respiratory variation in transvalvular flow velocities studied by Doppler echocardiography","volume":"11","author":"Appleton","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(87)90245-2","article-title":"Superior vena cava Doppler: a non-invasive method for the diagnosis of pericardial disease","volume":"16","author":"Linden","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.66.6.1315","article-title":"Diagnosis of functional tricuspid insufficiency by pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound","volume":"66","author":"Garc\u00eda-Dorado","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12773","article-title":"Spectral Doppler of the hepatic veins in tricuspid valve disease","volume":"32","author":"Fadel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.33.326","article-title":"Phasic venous return abnormality in chronic pulmonary diseases: pulsed Doppler echocardiography study","volume":"33","author":"Izumi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13091","article-title":"Spectral Doppler of the hepatic veins in rate, rhythm, and conduction disorders","volume":"33","author":"Fadel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(86)80179-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of pulsus paradoxus during resistive respiratory loading and asthma","volume":"8","author":"Blaustein","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12710","article-title":"Spectral Doppler of the hepatic veins in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Fadel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14839","article-title":"Transesophageal Echocardiographic measurements of the superior vena cava for predicting fluid responsiveness in patients undergoing invasive positive pressure ventilation","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2474-3","article-title":"Superior vena caval collapsibility as a gauge of volume status in ventilated septic patients","volume":"30","author":"Vieillard-Baron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-016-0515-y","article-title":"Minimally invasive approach for percutaneous CentriMag right ventricular assist device support using a single PROTEKDuo Cannula","volume":"11","author":"Kazui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2019.01.033","article-title":"The use of subcostal echocardiographic views to guide the insertion of a right ventricular temporary transvenous pacemaker-Description of the technique","volume":"33","author":"Sjaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.22847","article-title":"Superior vena cava obstruction and mediastinal mass detected by point-of-care ultrasonography","volume":"48","author":"Blanco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089473172300072X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089473172300072X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T05:10:04Z","timestamp":1760245804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S089473172300072X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S089473172300072X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-7317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-7317","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ultrasound Imaging of the Superior Vena Cava: A State-of-the-Art Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2023.01.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"2023 by the American Society of Echocardiography.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}