{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:51:51Z","timestamp":1761058311688,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,6]],"date-time":"2005-08-06T08:31:40Z","timestamp":1123317100000},"page":"707-723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Oral Contraceptives and the Management of Hyperandrogenism\u2013Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Paula J. Adams","family":"Hillard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70069-4","article-title":"The epidemiology of polycystic ovary syndrome: prevalence and associated disease risks","volume":"28","author":"Solomon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib2","first-page":"3078","article-title":"Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study","volume":"83","author":"Knochenhauer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032046","article-title":"The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population","volume":"89","author":"Azziz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422900504","article-title":"Screening for and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome in teenagers","volume":"229","author":"Salmi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.6.556","article-title":"Quality of life in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Trent","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590312331290268","article-title":"The effect of polycystic ovary syndrome on health-related quality of life","volume":"17","author":"Coffey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/00001703-200210000-00002","article-title":"Adolescent androgen abnormalities","volume":"14","author":"Stafford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib8","first-page":"S1353","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in adolescent and young adult obese females with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"14","author":"Macut","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-12-200006200-00010","article-title":"The importance of diagnosing the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Lobo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 6 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70238-8","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: symptomatology, pathophysiology, and epidemiology","volume":"179","author":"Guzick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200204000-00028","article-title":"Menstruation in young girls: a clinical perspective","volume":"99","author":"Hillard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib12","first-page":"77","article-title":"Variation of the human menstrual cycle through reproductive life","volume":"12","author":"Treloar","year":"1967","journal-title":"Int J Fertil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib13","series-title":"Major problems in obstetrics and gynecology, volume 7","first-page":"1","article-title":"The menstrual cycle","author":"Vollman","year":"1977"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468400007411","article-title":"Menstrual patterns in adolescent Swiss girls: a longitudinal study","volume":"11","author":"Flug","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0070(86)80015-8","article-title":"World Health Organization multicenter study on menstrual and ovulatory patterns in adolescent girls. II. longitudinal study of menstrual patterns in the early postmenarcheal period, duration of bleeding episodes and menstrual cycles","volume":"7","author":"World Health Organization Task Force on Adolescent Reproductive Health","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(03)00027-5","article-title":"Contemporary issues in primary amenorrhea","volume":"30","author":"Timmreck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"unstructured":"Nelson LM, Bakalov V. Amenorrhea. eMedicine [serial online]. September 2002. Available at: http:\/\/www.emedicine.com\/med\/topic117.htm. Accessed December 19, 2002.","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib17"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)01701-0","article-title":"Hyperandrogenemia in patients presenting with acne","volume":"75","author":"Slayden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00510088","article-title":"Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with acne","volume":"281","author":"Peserico","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1A","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80064-3","article-title":"Hormonal correlates of acne and hirsutism","volume":"98","author":"Lucky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690030040006","article-title":"Acne vulgaris in premenarchal girls: an early sign of puberty associated with rising levels of dehydroepiandrosterone","volume":"130","author":"Lucky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2004.01.005","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic findings in adolescent females with hyperandrogenism","volume":"17","author":"Huppert","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib23","article-title":"Guidelines for adolescent preventive services (GAPS)","author":"American Medical Association","year":"1997","journal-title":"AMA"},{"year":"1994","author":"Elster","series-title":"AMA guidelines for adolescent preventive services (GAPS): recommendations and rationale","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib24"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib25","first-page":"S239","article-title":"Childhood obesity: the health issue","volume":"9","author":"Deckelbaum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.8.821","article-title":"Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994","volume":"157","author":"Cook","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3109\/09513599509160199","article-title":"Bulimia nervosa and polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Jahanfar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib28","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia in postpubertal girls with a history of premature pubarche and functional ovarian hyperandrogenism","volume":"81","author":"Ibanez","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.114476","article-title":"Impact of timing of pubertal maturation on growth in black and white female adolescents: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study","volume":"138","author":"Biro","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0836-3","article-title":"Prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance in parents of women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Sir-Petermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3109\/09513599709152521","article-title":"A twin study of polycystic ovary syndrome and lipids","volume":"11","author":"Jahanfar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14956","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14956","article-title":"Evidence for a genetic basis for hyperandrogenemia in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Legro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"year":"2001","series-title":"The contraception report: using oral contraceptives to treat polycystic ovary syndrome. vol. 12:4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib33"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(05)70189-3","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Talbott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2004.10.004","article-title":"Menstrual disorders in the college age female","volume":"52","author":"Adams Hillard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52125.x","article-title":"Development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis","volume":"816","author":"Apter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345177","article-title":"Insulin and GH secretion in adolescent girls with irregular cycles: polycystic vs multifollicular ovaries","volume":"26","author":"Villa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)00584-7","article-title":"Polycystic ovaries in adolescents and the relationship with menstrual cycle patterns, luteinizing hormone, androgens, and insulin","volume":"74","author":"van Hooff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00886.x","article-title":"Polycystic ovaries and associated clinical and biochemical features in young women","volume":"51","author":"Michelmore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4343","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031600","article-title":"Polycystic ovarian morphology with regular ovulatory cycles: insights into the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"89","author":"Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib42","first-page":"S173","article-title":"The evaluation and treatment of androgen excess","volume":"82","author":"The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"8590","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91612-1","article-title":"Polycystic ovaries: a common finding in normal women","volume":"1","author":"Polson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib44","first-page":"124","article-title":"Early diagnosis, presenting complaints, and management of hyperandrogenism in adolescents","volume":"1","author":"Schroeder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Womens Health Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib45","first-page":"131","article-title":"[In vivo studies on metabolism of androgens following administration of steroid inhibitors of ovulation. 1. Changes in the secretion of androgens and excretion of their metabolites in normal subjects and women with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome]","volume":"50","author":"Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000104485.44999.C6","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"103","author":"Guzick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1978.tb03583.x","article-title":"Oestrogen amplification of LH-RH response in the polycystic ovary syndrome and response to clomiphene","volume":"9","author":"Kandeel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib48","first-page":"189","article-title":"Anti-androgenic steroid cyproterone acetate: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use in hirsutism and acne","volume":"120","author":"van Wayjen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)90944-8","article-title":"Contraceptive choices for women with endocrine complications","volume":"168","author":"Loriaux","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70720-9","article-title":"Update on androgenicity","volume":"180","author":"Thorneycroft","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(94)90106-6","article-title":"New progestogens in oral contraception","volume":"49","author":"Fotherby","year":"1994","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(90)90034-S","article-title":"Effects of seven low-dose combined oral contraceptives on sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, total and free testosterone","volume":"41","author":"van der Vange","year":"1990","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib53","first-page":"103","article-title":"Effects of sex steroids on skin 5 alpha-reductase activity in vitro","volume":"78","author":"Cassidenti","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1A","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80071-0","article-title":"The role of oral contraceptives in the treatment of hyperandrogenic disorders","volume":"98","author":"Burkman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib55","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists: number 41","volume":"100","author":"Practice Bulletin ACOG","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70720-9","article-title":"Update on androgenicity","volume":"180","author":"Thorneycroft","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib57","first-page":"4","article-title":"Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives: fact vs. fiction","volume":"6","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contracept Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh329","article-title":"Flutamide-metformin plus an oral contraceptive (OC) for young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: switch from third- to fourth-generation OC reduces body adiposity","volume":"19","author":"Ibanez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"year":"1994","author":"Goldzieher","series-title":"Hormonal contraception: pills, injections and implants","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib59"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(89)80012-2","article-title":"Lipid and lipoprotein changes in women taking low-dose, triphasic oral contraceptives: a controlled, comparative, 12-month clinical trial","volume":"160","author":"Notelovitz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90703-5","article-title":"The effect of triphasic oral contraceptives on plasma lipids and lipoproteins","volume":"161","author":"Patsch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2004.01.005","article-title":"Lipid profile in women over 35 years old using triphasic combined oral contraceptives","volume":"69","author":"Aldrighi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)02993-X","article-title":"Androgen and lipid profiles in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome who were treated with two forms of combined oral contraceptives","volume":"77","author":"Mastorakos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib64","first-page":"3","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism and desogestrel-or gestodene-containing combination oral contraceptives: what are the facts?","volume":"7","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contracept Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.6.688","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolic disease: analyses of the UK General Practice Research database and the UK Mediplus database","volume":"5","author":"Farmer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib66","first-page":"61","article-title":"The new conundrum: do estrogens have any cardiovascular benefits?","volume":"47","author":"Clarkson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Womens Med"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(89)80013-4","article-title":"From menarche to menopause: coronary artery atherosclerosis and protection in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"160","author":"Clarkson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib68","first-page":"217","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and coronary artery atherosclerosis of cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"75","author":"Clarkson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib69","first-page":"250","article-title":"Low-dose contraceptive estrogen-progestin and coronary artery atherosclerosis of monkeys","volume":"96","author":"Adams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-10-199405150-00002","article-title":"Oral contraceptive use and mortality during 12 years of follow-up: the Nurses' Health Study","volume":"120","author":"Colditz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890310001267","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptives and the risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"35","author":"Keeling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(03)00073-8","article-title":"Oral contraceptives use and the risk of myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Khader","year":"2003","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020997","article-title":"Metformin versus ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate in the treatment of nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized study","volume":"88","author":"Morin-Papunen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6155","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6155.23","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and diabetes mellitus","volume":"1","author":"Wingrave","year":"1979","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6711","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6711.1315-a","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and diabetes mellitus","volume":"299","author":"Hannaford","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401427","article-title":"Oral contraceptive use and the risk of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a large prospective study of women","volume":"35","author":"Rimm","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(84)90083-0","article-title":"Oral contraceptive use: prospective follow-up of women with suspected glucose intolerance","volume":"30","author":"Duffy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90757-X","article-title":"Effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in women with recent gestational diabetes: results of a controlled, randomized, prospective study","volume":"163","author":"Kjos","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.6.533","article-title":"Contraception and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Latina women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"280","author":"Kjos","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.13.8.895","article-title":"Oral contraceptives in women with diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Klein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510380055037","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and renal and retinal complications in young women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"271","author":"Garg","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib82","first-page":"281","article-title":"Treatment of acne with oral contraceptives: criteria for pill selection","volume":"66","author":"Koulianos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib83","first-page":"241","article-title":"Noncontraceptive benefits of oral contraceptive use: an evidence-based approach","volume":"45","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Womens Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004425.pub2","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne","volume":"3","author":"Arowojolu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.2307\/2991568","article-title":"Trends in sexual activity among adolescent American women: 1982\u20131995","volume":"31","author":"Singh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int Fam Plan Perspect"},{"year":"1994","author":"Alan Guttmacher Institute","series-title":"Sex and america's teenagers: New York and Washington","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib86"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2307\/2991522","article-title":"Unintended pregnancy in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Henshaw","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Fam Plan Perspect"},{"year":"1999","author":"Alan Guttmacher Institute","series-title":"Teen sex and pregnancy","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib88"},{"year":"2004","author":"National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy","series-title":"What docs should know about the impact of teen pregnancy on young children","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib89"},{"year":"2001","author":"Darroch","series-title":"Teenage sexual and reproductive behavior in developed countries: can more progress be made?","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib90"},{"unstructured":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Promoting walking for physical activity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web site. Available at: http:\/\/cdc.gov. Accessed June 16, 2005.","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib91"},{"unstructured":"Wolf A. Polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescence: therapeutic approach. Presented at the International Federation of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Athens, Greece, May 11, 2004.","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib92"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52143.x","article-title":"Adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"816","author":"Dramusic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib94","first-page":"356","article-title":"Androgens and mood dysfunction in women: comparison of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome to healthy controls","volume":"66","author":"Weiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib95","first-page":"S1367","article-title":"Detection of insulin resistance and its treatment in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Legro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.10.032","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: what is it and how should we treat it?","volume":"144","author":"Cedars","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib97","first-page":"1","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of acne vulgaris: evaluating the evidence","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Skin Therapy Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90706-0","article-title":"The patient's reaction to side effects of oral contraceptives","volume":"161","author":"Hillard","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390240083028","article-title":"Adolescents' compliance with the use of oral contraceptives","volume":"257","author":"Emans","year":"1987","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallo M, Grimes D, Schulz K, et al. Combination contraceptives: effects on weight. May 2003. Cochrane Library [serial online]. Available at: http:\/\/www.update-software.com\/abstracts\/ab003987.htm. Accessed June 16, 2005.","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib100","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003987"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90125-6","article-title":"Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers","volume":"172","author":"Grimes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"9371","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13409-5","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial carcinoma","volume":"361","author":"Hardiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.6.522","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and cancer","volume":"7","author":"Balen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00226-8","article-title":"Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Schildkraut","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib105","first-page":"12","article-title":"Myths about oral contraceptives. Does OC availability result in increased sexual activity among teens?","volume":"4","author":"Chaney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Contracept Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(03)00028-7","article-title":"Treatment of the adolescent patient with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"7421","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7421.951","article-title":"Metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"327","author":"Lord","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00735-0","article-title":"Androgen excess is the key element in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Azziz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.109603","article-title":"Early metabolic abnormalities in adolescent girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"138","author":"Lewy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.4.8398","article-title":"Metformin therapy in obese adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance: amelioration of exaggerated adrenal response to adrenocorticotropin with reduction of insulinemia\/insulin resistance","volume":"87","author":"Arslanian","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(03)00131-1","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8305","article-title":"Screening for abnormal glucose tolerance in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Palmert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib113","first-page":"139","article-title":"Metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles, and insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6-month trial, followed by open, long-term clinical evaluation","volume":"85","author":"Moghetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01849449","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and cycle control: a critical review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv Contracept"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(01)00202-6","article-title":"Metformin to restore normal menses in oligo-amenorrheic teenage girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"29","author":"Glueck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-43308","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence","volume":"21","author":"Driscoll","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib117","first-page":"111","article-title":"Metformin in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome: opposed","volume":"15","author":"Trent","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(02)00137-7","article-title":"In support of metformin use in adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Mulchahey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012512","article-title":"Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin","volume":"346","author":"Knowler","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1290.034","article-title":"The management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"997","author":"Bruni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib121","first-page":"3412","article-title":"Comparison of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and a low dose oral contraceptive given alone or together in the treatment of hirsutism","volume":"80","author":"Heiner","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)48615-2","article-title":"Spironolactone in combination drug therapy for unresponsive hirsutism","volume":"43","author":"Pittaway","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib123","first-page":"995","article-title":"The evaluation and management of hirsutism","volume":"101","author":"Azziz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg056","article-title":"Low-dose combination of flutamide, metformin and an oral contraceptive for non-obese, young women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Ibanez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.7.1729","article-title":"Clinical, endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin added to ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate in non-obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Elter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889852905000472?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889852905000472?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:20:43Z","timestamp":1760174443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889852905000472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889852905000472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8529"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0889-8529"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Oral Contraceptives and the Management of Hyperandrogenism\u2013Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.04.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}