{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:06:50Z","timestamp":1791148010910,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T12:46:45Z","timestamp":1172839605000},"page":"89-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Growth Hormone Effects on Protein Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Niels","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth C.","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Sreekumaran","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0336","article-title":"Joint mechanisms of impaired growth-hormone pulse renewal in aging men","volume":"90","author":"Veldhuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-3-513","article-title":"The influence of age on the 24-hour integrated concentration of growth hormone in normal individuals","volume":"60","author":"Zadik","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib3","first-page":"E268","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men","volume":"268","author":"Yarasheski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib4","series-title":"GHRH, GH, and IGF-I. Basic and clinical advances","first-page":"185","article-title":"Effects of rhGH on glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism","author":"Copeland","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/50A.Special_Issue.151","article-title":"Trophic factors supplementation: effect of age-associated changes in body composition","volume":"50A","author":"Schwartz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-2-471","article-title":"The acute effects of growth hormone on amino acid transport and protein synthesis are due to its insulin-like action","volume":"122","author":"Cameron","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1230429","article-title":"Human growth hormone treatment of hypophysectomized rats increases the proportion of type-1 fibres in skeletal muscle","volume":"123","author":"Ayling","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6041","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6041.914","article-title":"Muscle changes in acromegaly","volume":"2","author":"Nagulesparen","year":"1976","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-50-4-690","article-title":"Induction of immunoreactive somatomedin C human serum by growth hormone: dose-response relationships and effect on chromatographic profiles","volume":"50","author":"Copeland","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-6-1616","article-title":"Pulsatile versus continuous intravenous administration of growth hormone (GH) in GH-deficient patients: effects on circulating insulin-like growth factor-I and metabolic indices","volume":"70","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E86","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1990.258.1.E86","article-title":"Effects of a growth hormone pulse on total and forearm substrate fluxes in humans","volume":"258","author":"Moller","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib12","first-page":"33","article-title":"Metabolic response to growth hormone (GH) administered in a pulsatile, continuous or combined pattern","volume":"1","author":"Laursen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib13","first-page":"1222","article-title":"Long-term effects of continuous subcutaneous infusion versus daily subcutaneous injections of growth hormone (GH) on the insulin-like growth factor system, insulin sensitivity, body composition, and bone and\u00a0 lipoprotein metabolism in GH-deficient adults","volume":"86","author":"Laursen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.11.4388","article-title":"Metabolic effects and pharmacokinetics of a growth hormone pulse in healthy adults: relation to age, sex, and body composition","volume":"82","author":"Vahl","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1968.tb20365.x","article-title":"Rapid effects of growth hormone on amino acid transport and protein synthesis","volume":"148","author":"Kostyo","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.212S","article-title":"The regulation of body and skeletal muscle protein metabolism by hormones and amino acids","volume":"136","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib17","first-page":"E959","article-title":"Growth hormone effects on hepatic glutamate handling in vivo","volume":"257","author":"Welbourne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib18","first-page":"1040","article-title":"Acute growth hormone effects on amino acid and lipid metabolism","volume":"78","author":"Copeland","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114694","article-title":"Human growth hormone prevents the protein catabolic side effects of prednisone in humans","volume":"86","author":"Horber","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(93)90285-V","article-title":"Growth hormone acutely stimulates skeletal muscle but not whole-body protein synthesis in humans","volume":"42","author":"Fryburg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5668","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020927","article-title":"Growth hormone blunts protein oxidation and promotes protein turnover to a similar extent in abdominally obese and normal-weight women","volume":"87","author":"Buijs","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00483.2004","article-title":"Growth hormone and testosterone interact positively to enhance protein and energy metabolism in hypopituitary men","volume":"289","author":"Gibney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E499","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1991.260.3.E499","article-title":"Growth hormone acutely stimulates forearm muscle protein synthesis in normal humans","volume":"260","author":"Fryburg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib24","first-page":"230","article-title":"Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I increases forearm blood flow","volume":"79","author":"Copeland","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.41.4.424","article-title":"Growth hormone stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis and antagonizes insulin's antiproteolytic action in humans","volume":"41","author":"Fryburg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119139","article-title":"Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on muscle protein turnover in malnourished hemodialysis patients","volume":"99","author":"Garibotto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib27","first-page":"E840","article-title":"Growth hormone administration in older adults: effects on albumin synthesis","volume":"266","author":"Zachwieja","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib28","first-page":"4344","article-title":"How is whole body protein turnover perturbed in growth hormone-deficient adults?","volume":"83","author":"Hoffman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib29","first-page":"158","article-title":"Whole-body leucine turnover in adults on conventional treatment for hypopituitarism","volume":"129","author":"Beshyah","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00525.x","article-title":"The effects of growth hormone on protein metabolism in adult growth hormone deficient patients","volume":"38","author":"Russell-Jones","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.2.4545","article-title":"A dose-response study of growth hormone (GH) replacement on whole body protein and lipid kinetics in GH-deficient adults","volume":"83","author":"Lucidi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib32","series-title":"Effects of growth hormone and fasting on urea synthesis in humans [doctoral dissertation]","author":"Wolthers","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H981","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.281.3.H981","article-title":"Vascular endothelial dysfunction: does tetrahydrobiopterin play a role?","volume":"281","author":"Katusic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib34","first-page":"188","article-title":"Positive nitrogen balance with human growth hormone and hypocaloric intravenous feeding","volume":"100","author":"Manson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(91)90116-E","article-title":"Growth hormone improves muscle protein metabolism and whole body nitrogen economy in man during a hyponitrogenous diet","volume":"40","author":"Lundeberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib36","first-page":"3120","article-title":"Continuation of growth hormone (GH) substitution during fasting in GH-deficient patients decreases urea excretion and conserves protein synthesis","volume":"86","author":"Norrelund","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.1.96","article-title":"The protein-retaining effects of growth hormone during fasting involve inhibition of muscle-protein breakdown","volume":"50","author":"N\u00f8rrelund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E737","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00092.2003","article-title":"Effects of GH on urea, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity during fasting in GH-deficient patients","volume":"285","author":"Norrelund","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-1-51","article-title":"Dual defects in pulsatile growth hormone secretion and clearance subserve the hyposomatotropism of obesity in man","volume":"72","author":"Veldhuis","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198411293112203","article-title":"Impaired growth hormone responses to growth hormone-releasing factor in obesity. A pituitary defect reversed with weight reduction","volume":"311","author":"Williams","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106508","article-title":"Metabolic response to human growth hormone during prolonged starvation","volume":"50","author":"Felig","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-5-878","article-title":"Growth hormone administration conserves lean body mass during dietary restriction in obese subjects","volume":"64","author":"Clemmons","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-1-54","article-title":"Treatment of obese, diet-restricted subjects with growth hormone for 11 weeks: effects on anabolism, lipolysis, and body composition","volume":"67","author":"Snyder","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800669","article-title":"Metabolic effects of biosynthetic growth hormone treatment in severely energy-restricted obese women","volume":"22","author":"Tagliaferri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00937.x","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone administration on protein dynamics and substrate metabolism during 4 weeks of dietary restriction in obese women","volume":"52","author":"Norrelund","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111982","article-title":"Influence of a 60 hour fast on insulin-mediated splanchnic and peripheral glucose metabolism in humans","volume":"76","author":"Bjorkman","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00403286","article-title":"Characterization of the insulin-antagonistic effect of growth hormone in man","volume":"34","author":"Fowelin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib48","first-page":"1589","article-title":"Marked effects of sustained low growth hormone (GH) levels on day-to-day fuel metabolism: studies in GH-deficient patients and healthy untreated subjects","volume":"77","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106017","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism during prolonged starvation","volume":"48","author":"Felig","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113570","article-title":"Effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate on whole-body leucine kinetics and fractional mixed skeletal muscle protein synthesis in humans","volume":"82","author":"Nair","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(82)90096-8","article-title":"Modulation of leucine oxidation and turnover by graded amounts of carbohydrate intake in obese subjects","volume":"31","author":"Adibi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-57-2-316","article-title":"Whole body protein breakdown rates and hormonal adaptation in fasted obese subjects","volume":"57","author":"Henson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108057","article-title":"Effect of ketone infusion on amino acid and nitrogen metabolism in man","volume":"55","author":"Sherwin","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E686","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1986.250.6.E686","article-title":"Effect of free fatty acids on blood amino acid levels in humans","volume":"250","author":"Ferrannini","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1987.tb02191.x","article-title":"Inhibition of muscular amino acid release by lipid infusion in man","volume":"17","author":"Wicklmayr","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E168","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1991.261.2.E168","article-title":"Influence of fatty acids on ammonia and amino acid flux from active human muscle","volume":"261","author":"Graham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112339","article-title":"Inverse relationship of leucine flux and oxidation to free fatty acid availability in vivo","volume":"77","author":"Tessari","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib58","first-page":"825","article-title":"Inhibition of lipolysis stimulates whole body glucose production and disposal in normal postabsorptive subjects","volume":"82","author":"Fery","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E822","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1996.270.5.E822","article-title":"Role of fat-derived substrates in the regulation of gluconeogenesis during fasting","volume":"270","author":"Fery","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-6374(02)00119-3","article-title":"Effects of lowering circulating free fatty acid levels on protein metabolism in adult growth hormone deficient patients","volume":"12","author":"Nielsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500779","article-title":"Modulation of basal glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity by growth hormone and free fatty acids during short-term fasting","volume":"150","author":"Norrelund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00282518","article-title":"Effect of poor diabetic control and obesity on whole body protein metabolism in man","volume":"25","author":"Nair","year":"1983","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2003.10.015","article-title":"Proteasome production in human muscle during\u00a0nutritional inhibition of myofibrillar protein degradation","volume":"53","author":"Brodsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E334","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1986.251.3.E334","article-title":"Dose-response curves of effects of insulin on leucine kinetics in humans","volume":"251","author":"Tessari","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118000","article-title":"Protein dynamics in whole body and in splachnic and leg tissues in type I diabetic patients","volume":"95","author":"Nair","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113033","article-title":"Effect of physiologic hyperinsulinemia on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown in man","volume":"80","author":"Gelfand","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118217","article-title":"Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I enhance human skeletal muscle protein anabolism during hyperaminoacidemia by different mechanisms","volume":"96","author":"Fryburg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.8.2151","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia inhibits myocardial protein degradation in patients with cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance","volume":"92","author":"McNulty","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.63.1.141","article-title":"Control of growth by the somatropic axis: growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors have related and independent roles","volume":"63","author":"Butler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.1.0419","article-title":"The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001","volume":"22","author":"Le Roith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E331","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1994.267.2.E331","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I exerts growth hormone- and insulin-like actions\u00a0on\u00a0human muscle protein metabolism","volume":"267","author":"Fryburg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1105","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00337.2002","article-title":"Human protein metabolism: its measurement and regulation","volume":"283","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E831","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1993.265.6.E831","article-title":"Effects of recombinant human IGF-I on glucose and leucine kinetics in men","volume":"265","author":"Elahi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib74","first-page":"E591","article-title":"Use of leucine clamp to demonstrate that IGF-I actively stimulates protein synthesis in normal humans","volume":"267","author":"Russell-Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib75","first-page":"E60","article-title":"IGF-I stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in the awake rat: permissive role of insulin and amino acids","volume":"270","author":"Jacob","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197003192821209","article-title":"Starvation in man","volume":"282","author":"Cahill","year":"1970","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1977.03630160069014","article-title":"Amino acid and protein metabolism in diabetes mellitus","volume":"137","author":"Felig","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1986.251.5.E604","article-title":"Extremity amino acid metabolism during starvation and intravenous refeeding in humans","volume":"251","author":"Albert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0740123","article-title":"Protein and substrate metabolism during starvation and parenteral feeding","volume":"74","author":"Tracey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib80","first-page":"203","article-title":"Differential effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on leucine rate of appearance in normal humans","volume":"76","author":"Heiling","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.39.1.38","article-title":"Leucine metabolism in IDDM. Role of insulin and substrate availability","volume":"39","author":"Luzi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030267","article-title":"The decisive role of free fatty acids for protein conservation during fasting in humans with and without growth hormone","volume":"88","author":"N\u00f8rrelund","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.5.6613","article-title":"Continuation of growth hormone (GH) therapy in GH-deficient patients during transition from childhood to adulthood: impact on insulin sensitivity and substrate metabolism","volume":"85","author":"Norrelund","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-45-2-324","article-title":"Enhanced peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine during hGH therapy in GH deficient children","volume":"45","author":"Sato","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-6-1127","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone therapy on thyroid function of growth hormone-deficient adults with and without concomitant thyroxine-substituted central hypothyroidism","volume":"69","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90269-0","article-title":"Fuel metabolism, energy expenditure, and thyroid function in growth hormone-treated obese women: a double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"43","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801292","article-title":"Thyroid and lipid metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Pucci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020174","article-title":"Elevated regional lipolysis in hyperthyroidism","volume":"87","author":"Riis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889852906000910?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889852906000910?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:30:51Z","timestamp":1760175051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889852906000910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889852906000910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8529","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Growth Hormone Effects on Protein Metabolism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}