{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:44:12Z","timestamp":1792201452198,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T09:07:09Z","timestamp":1180948029000},"page":"497-519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Gynecomastia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Harmeet Singh","family":"Narula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold E.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.03040440001001","article-title":"Gynecomastia in adolescent boys","volume":"178","author":"Nydick","year":"1961","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198010023031405","article-title":"Gynecomastia","volume":"303","author":"Carlson","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-48-2-338","article-title":"Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men","volume":"48","author":"Nutall","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/57.4.431","article-title":"Gynecomastia: clinicopathologic study of 351 cases","volume":"57","author":"Bannayan","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90353-X","article-title":"Gynecomastia in a hospitalized male population","volume":"77","author":"Niewoehner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(63)90044-5","article-title":"Gynecomastia: its incidence, recognition and host characterization in 447 autopsy cases","volume":"34","author":"Williams","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-32-2-173","article-title":"A study of the histopathology of human gynecomastia","volume":"32","author":"Nicolis","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib8","first-page":"3063","article-title":"Aromatase and steroid receptors in gynecomastia and male breast carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"81","author":"Sasano","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)02979-5","article-title":"Androgens and mammary growth and neoplasia","volume":"77","author":"Dimitrikakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200001000-00009","article-title":"Short-term and long-term histologic effects of castration and estrogen treatment on breast tissue of 14 male-to-female transsexuals in comparison with two chemically castrated men","volume":"24","author":"Kanhai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711700107","article-title":"An immunohistochemical study of the long-term effects of androgen administration on female-to-male transsexual breast: a comparison with normal female breast and male breast showing gynecomastia","volume":"170","author":"Burgess","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib12","first-page":"3893","article-title":"A comprehensive endocrine description of Kennedy's disease revealing androgen insensitivity linked to CAG repeat length","volume":"87","author":"Dejager","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ten.0000081693.21823.74","article-title":"Aromatase in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Bulun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.0.0060315","article-title":"Aromatase and gynecomastia","volume":"6","author":"Braunstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocr-Relat Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-1-174","article-title":"Effects of aging and obesity on aromatase activity of human adipose cells","volume":"60","author":"Cleland","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.5.0314","article-title":"Breast cancer and the role of cytokines in regulating estrogen synthesis: an emerging hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Reed","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib17","first-page":"1411","article-title":"Steroid and growth factor modulation of aromatase activity in MCF7 and T47D breast carcinoma cell lines","volume":"52","author":"Ryde","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(88)90254-3","article-title":"Elevated oestrogen and reduced testosterone levels in the serum of male septic shock patients","volume":"29","author":"Christeff","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.54.12.956","article-title":"Expression of prolactin receptors in normal, benign, and malignant breast tissue: an immunohistological study","volume":"54","author":"Gill","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib20","first-page":"3692","article-title":"Coexpression and cross-regulation of the prolactin and sex steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer","volume":"82","author":"Ormandy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2003.10.008","article-title":"Endogenous human prolactin and not exogenous human prolactin induces estrogen receptor \u03b1 and prolactin receptor expression and increases estrogen responsiveness in breast cancer cells","volume":"88","author":"Gutzman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005998832636","article-title":"Role of IGF-I in normal mammary development","volume":"47","author":"Kleinberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5075","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.11.7095","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for terminal end bud formation and ductal morphogenesis during mammary development","volume":"140","author":"Ruan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib24","first-page":"21172","article-title":"Role of insulin-like growth factors and the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor in the estrogen-stimulated proliferation of human breast cancer cells","volume":"265","author":"Stewart","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biolumin Chemilumin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026343212187","article-title":"Use of PRKO mice to study the role of progesterone in mammary gland development","volume":"2","author":"Humphreys","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.23.4.276","article-title":"Progesterone, prolactin, and gynecomastia in men with liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Farthing","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-1-230","article-title":"High serum progesterone in hyperthyroid men with Graves' disease","volume":"66","author":"Nomura","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1360","article-title":"Progesterone stimulates mammary gland ductal morphogenesis by synergizing with and enhancing insulin-like growth factor-1 action","volume":"146","author":"Ruan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031882","article-title":"Presence of luteinizing hormone\/human chorionic gonadotropin receptors in male breast tissues","volume":"89","author":"Carlson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib30","first-page":"1776","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin decrease type 25\u03b1-reductase and androgen receptor protein levels in women's skin","volume":"83","author":"Bird","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.8-1-5","article-title":"Growth factor receptors in breast cancer: potential for therapeutic intervention","volume":"8","author":"Nahta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib32","first-page":"3425","article-title":"Frequent expression of growth factors for mesenchymal cells in human mammary carcinoma cell lines","volume":"47","author":"Peres","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197504)35:4<1184::AID-CNCR2820350425>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Feminizing interstitial cell tumor of the testis: personal observations and a review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Gabrilove","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-59-4-625","article-title":"Hormonal profile of Leydig cell tumors with gynecomastia","volume":"59","author":"Bercovici","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199501000-00007","article-title":"Feminizing Sertoli cell tumors in boys with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Young","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2003.010900","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype correlations in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Amos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4041","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.9.7903","article-title":"Clinical and molecular features of the Carney complex: diagnostic criteria and recommendations for patient evaluation","volume":"86","author":"Stratakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-49-2-284","volume":"49","author":"Forest","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib39","first-page":"1447","article-title":"Estrogen production as a tumor marker in patients with gonadotropin-producing neoplasms","volume":"41","author":"Kirschner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-196501000-00002","article-title":"Feminizing adrenal cortical tumors in the male: a review of 52 cases including a case report","volume":"44","author":"Gabrilove","year":"1965","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib41","first-page":"3173","article-title":"Aromatase expression in a feminizing adrenocortical tumor","volume":"81","author":"Young","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021559","article-title":"Estrogen excess associated with novel gain-of-function mutations affecting the aromatase gene","volume":"348","author":"Shozu","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1566","article-title":"Dominant transmission of prepubertal gynecomastia due to serum estrone excess: hormonal, biochemical, and genetic analysis in a large kindred","volume":"90","author":"Binder","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198005083021915","article-title":"Gynecomastia from exposure to vaginal estrogen cream","volume":"302","author":"Di Raimondo","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(82)90167-9","article-title":"Percutaneous oestrogen-induced gynaecomastia: a case report","volume":"35","author":"Cimorra","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198804143181505","article-title":"The mortician's mystery: gynecomastia and reversible hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in an embalmer","volume":"319","author":"Finkelstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1978.10667301","article-title":"The occupational hazards of formulating oral contraceptives\u2014a survey of plant employees","volume":"33","author":"Harrington","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib48","first-page":"149","article-title":"Hyperestrogenism in pharmaceutical factory workers and their children as an occupational disease","volume":"22","author":"Pacynski","year":"1971","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml018","article-title":"The sensitivity of the child to sex steroids: possible impact of exogenous estrogens","volume":"12","author":"Aksglaede","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.3.340","article-title":"Possible health impact of animal oestrogens in food","volume":"7","author":"Daxenberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-208-43839","article-title":"The phytoestrogen congeners of alcoholic beverages: current status","volume":"208","author":"Gavaler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.12.1309","article-title":"Klinefelter syndrome","volume":"158","author":"Smyth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16678-6","article-title":"Klinefelter's syndrome","volume":"364","author":"Lanfranco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji240","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality in men with Klinefelter syndrome: a cohort study","volume":"97","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1979.tb03103.x","article-title":"Twenty four hour profiles of circulating androgens and oestrogens in male puberty with or without gynecomastia","volume":"11","author":"Large","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-3-492","article-title":"Hormonal changes during puberty. V. Transient pubertal gynecomastia: abnormal androgen-estrogen ratios","volume":"58","author":"Moore","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib57","first-page":"744","article-title":"Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in 1030 healthy children, adolescents, and adults: relation to age, sex, stage of puberty, testicular size, and body mass index","volume":"78","author":"Juul","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.03.057","article-title":"Beneficial effects of raloxifene and tamoxifen in the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia","volume":"145","author":"Lawrence","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4428","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0082","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of anastrozole for the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Plourde","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198019050-00005","article-title":"Danazol in the treatment of gynaecomastia","volume":"19","author":"Buckle","year":"1980","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7219","article-title":"Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging","volume":"86","author":"Harman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02002.x","article-title":"Age-related changes in testosterone and the role of replacement therapy in older men","volume":"60","author":"Allan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib63","first-page":"403","article-title":"Hypertrophy of the male breast associated with recovery from starvation","volume":"7","author":"Platt","year":"1947","journal-title":"Bulletin of U.S. Army Medical Department"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-8-3-227","article-title":"Effect of starvation on sex hormones in the male","volume":"8","author":"Jacobs","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib65","first-page":"504","article-title":"Epidemic of gynecomastia among illegal Haitian entrants","volume":"99","author":"Sattin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib66","first-page":"237","article-title":"Gynecomastia among Ethiopian Jews","volume":"101","author":"Linn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-41-1-60","article-title":"The pituitary-gonadal axis in men with protein-calorie malnutrition","volume":"41","author":"Smith","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-69-1-73","article-title":"Transient gynecomastia in chronic renal failure during chronic intermittent hemodialysis","volume":"69","author":"Schmitt","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01886","article-title":"Gonadal dysfunction in systemic disease","volume":"152","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390150061012","article-title":"Gynecomastia and cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"150","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-1-1","article-title":"Conversion of androgens to estrogens in idiopathic hemochromatosis: comparison with alcoholic liver cirrhosis","volume":"61","author":"Kley","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib72","first-page":"21","article-title":"Ethanol: its adverse effects upon the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis","volume":"101","author":"Van Thiel","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb00956.x","article-title":"Serum levels of free and bound testosterone in hyperthyroidism","volume":"36","author":"Ford","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0950105","article-title":"Androgen and estrogen dynamics in hyperthyroidism","volume":"95","author":"Ridgway","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000176461.75794.f8","article-title":"Incidence and management of gynecomastia in men treated for prostate cancer","volume":"174","author":"Dobs","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00823-2","article-title":"Gynecomastia in patients with prostate cancer: a review of treatment options","volume":"56","author":"McLeod","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.12.003","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of radiotherapy as treatment for bicalutamide-induced gynaecomastia and breast pain in prostate cancer","volume":"47","author":"Van Poppel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(05)70103-0","article-title":"Efficacy of tamoxifen and radiotherapy for prevention and treatment of gynaecomastia and breast pain caused by bicalutamide in prostate cancer: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Perdona","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.12.013","article-title":"Evaluation of tamoxifen and anastrozole in the prevention of gynecomastia and breast pain induced by bicalutamide monotherapy of prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Boccardo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1086\/343045","article-title":"Breast enlargement in 13 men who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"35","author":"Evans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540110026476","article-title":"Incidence of gynecomastia in men infected with HIV and treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"33","author":"Piroth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200401010-00017","article-title":"Gynecomastia, lipodystrophy syndrome, and dyslipidemia occurring or worsening during antiretroviral regimens other than protease inhibitor-based ones","volume":"35","author":"Manfredi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1086\/425363","article-title":"Gynecomastia among HIV-infected patients is associated with hypogonadism: a case-control study","volume":"39","author":"Biglia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1086\/322637","article-title":"Successful percutaneous dihydrotestosterone treatment of gynecomastia occurring during highly active antiretroviral therapy: four cases and a review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Benveniste","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1309\/K5HM-9603-PQ5T-KY3F","article-title":"Diabetic mastopathy. A clinicopathologic review","volume":"113","author":"Ely","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.219.3.r01jn38797","article-title":"Diabetic mastopathy in men: imaging findings in two patients","volume":"219","author":"Weinstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MP.0000056627.21128.74","article-title":"Lymphocytic mastitis and diabetic mastopathy: a molecular, immunophenotypic and clinicopathologic evaluation of 11 cases","volume":"16","author":"Valdez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0720-048X(97)00029-6","article-title":"Bilateral, tumorlike diabetic mastopathy: progression and regression of the disease during 5-year follow up","volume":"26","author":"Bayer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68226-3","article-title":"Male breast cancer","volume":"367","author":"Fentiman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2005.02.005","article-title":"Is mammography overused in male patients?","volume":"15","author":"Hanavadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.264055116","article-title":"Imaging characteristics of malignant lesions of the male breast","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480006600108","article-title":"Comparison of tamoxifen with danazol in the management of idiopathic gynecomastia","volume":"66","author":"Ting","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2003.10.005","article-title":"Management of physiological gynecomastia with tamoxifen","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Breast"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1983.02140370040013","article-title":"Clomiphene in the treatment of adolescent gynecomastia. Clinical and endocrine studies","volume":"137","author":"Plourde","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"Suppl 279","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib95","first-page":"218","article-title":"Treatment of pubertal gynaecomastia with testolactone","volume":"113","author":"Zachmann","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(03)00111-5","article-title":"A systematic approach to the surgical management of gynaecomastia","author":"Fruhstorfer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889852907000308?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889852907000308?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:31:07Z","timestamp":1760175067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889852907000308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889852907000308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8529","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gynecomastia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}