{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:17:00Z","timestamp":1790864220307,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T12:12:46Z","timestamp":1305202366000},"page":"313-332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Gian Paolo","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93192-C","article-title":"Forgotten description of primary hyperaldosteronism","volume":"337","author":"Kucharz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Presidential address. I. Painting background. II. Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Conn","year":"1955","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(64)90252-1","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism from an analysis of 145 cases","volume":"107","author":"Conn","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.07.003","article-title":"Surgically correctable hypertension caused by primary aldosteronism","volume":"20","author":"Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-003-0012-2","article-title":"Aldosterone: a risk factor for vascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Fritsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000078357.92682.EC","article-title":"Endothelin antagonism on aldosterone-induced oxidative stress and vascular remodeling","volume":"42","author":"Pu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1243253","article-title":"Aldosterone causes DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage in renal cells, which are prevented by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists","volume":"42","author":"Schupp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1802","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01096.2001","article-title":"Aldosterone induces a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the rat heart","volume":"283","author":"Rocha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"Suppl D","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/13.suppl_D.24","article-title":"Myocardial collagen matrix remodelling in arterial hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Brilla","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.67.6.1355","article-title":"Remodeling of the rat right and left ventricles in experimental hypertension","volume":"67","author":"Brilla","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib11","first-page":"S147","article-title":"Left ventricular systolic function in primary aldosteronism and hypertension","volume":"19","author":"Rossi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.6.1471","article-title":"Remodeling of the left ventricle in primary aldosteronism due to Conn\u2019s adenoma","volume":"95","author":"Rossi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000023182.68420.EB","article-title":"Excess aldosterone is associated with alterations of myocardial texture in primary aldosteronism","volume":"40","author":"Rossi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1030425","article-title":"Aldosterone induces acute endothelial dysfunction in vivo in humans: evidence for an aldosterone-induced vasculopathy","volume":"103","author":"Farquharson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000129307.26791.8E","article-title":"Impaired endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation in hypertensive subjects with hyperaldosteronism","volume":"109","author":"Nishizaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.21.6.929","article-title":"Vasodilation to acetylcholine in primary and secondary forms of human hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Taddei","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200207000-00032","article-title":"Structural changes in small resistance arteries and left ventricular geometry in patients with primary and secondary hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Muiesan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00322-2","article-title":"Relations between cardiac and vascular structure in patients with primary and secondary hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Rizzoni","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199512010-00054","article-title":"Albuminuria in untreated patients with primary aldosteronism or essential hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Halimi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000230444.01215.6a","article-title":"Renal damage in primary aldosteronism: results of the PAPY Study","volume":"48","author":"Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.01.006","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: cardiovascular, renal and metabolic implications","volume":"19","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.22.2638","article-title":"Long-term renal outcomes in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"295","author":"Sechi","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70298-2","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"33","author":"Nishimura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347840","article-title":"Vascular complications in patients with aldosterone producing adenoma in Japan: comparative study with essential hypertension. The Research Committee of Disorders of Adrenal Hormones in Japan","volume":"18","author":"Takeda","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.015","article-title":"Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"45","author":"Milliez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-4-200108210-00010","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: factors associated with normalization of blood pressure after surgery","volume":"135","author":"Sawka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.111369","article-title":"Vascular remodeling and duration of hypertension predict outcome of adrenalectomy in primary aldosteronism patients","volume":"51","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.095448","article-title":"Long-term cardiac effects of adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"50","author":"Catena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib29","series-title":"Hypertension: pathophysiology and treatment","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism","author":"Conn","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib30","first-page":"253","article-title":"Part I. Painting background. Part II. Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Conn","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1964.03070160046009","article-title":"Plasma renin activity in primary aldosteronism","volume":"190","author":"Conn","year":"1964","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1969.00300120042007","article-title":"A\u00a0concluding response","volume":"123","author":"Conn","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-004-0001-0","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: a needle in a haystack or a yellow cab on fifth avenue?","volume":"6","author":"Rossi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282f4b3e6","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: an update on screening, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1993.tb01687.x","article-title":"Evidence that primary aldosteronism may not be uncommon: 12% incidence among antihypertensive drug trial volunteers","volume":"20","author":"Gordon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199405000-00015","article-title":"The effect of age on prevalence of secondary forms of hypertension in 4429 consecutively referred patients","volume":"12","author":"Anderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1994.tb02519.x","article-title":"High incidence of primary aldosteronism in 199 patients referred with hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440100086010","article-title":"Prevalence of adrenal and extra-adrenal Conn syndrome in hypertensive patients","volume":"156","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1996.tb00600.x","article-title":"Primary hyperaldosteronism: a missed diagnosis in \u2018essential hypertensives\u2019?","volume":"26","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00608.x","article-title":"Screening for primary aldosteronism with a logistic multivariate discriminant analysis","volume":"49","author":"Rossi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib41","first-page":"800","volume":"127","author":"Mosso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib42","first-page":"394","article-title":"The aldosterone\/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism","volume":"90","author":"Rayner","year":"2000","journal-title":"S\u00a0Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib43","first-page":"2854","article-title":"Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among Asian hypertensive patients in Singapore","volume":"85","author":"Loh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib44","first-page":"1037","volume":"93","author":"Denolle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib45","first-page":"955","volume":"128","author":"Cortes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83s","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(00)80019-0","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism: its prevalence and comparative studies on various causes of primary aldosteronism in Yokohama Rosai hospital","volume":"54","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib47","first-page":"1863","article-title":"Primary hyperaldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile, and molecular biology","volume":"85","author":"Fardella","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001013","article-title":"High prevalence of primary aldosteronism in the Tayside hypertension clinic population","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib49","first-page":"594","article-title":"Screening for primary aldosteronism\u2014normal ranges for aldosterone and renin in three South African population groups","volume":"91","author":"Rayner","year":"2001","journal-title":"S\u00a0Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000040261.30455.B6","article-title":"Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension","volume":"40","author":"Calhoun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.11.1919","article-title":"Screening for primary aldosteronism: implications of an increased plasma aldosterone\/renin ratio","volume":"48","author":"Schwartz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(02)02969-2","article-title":"High prevalence of primary aldosteronism using postcaptopril plasma aldosterone to renin ratio as a screening test among Italian hypertensives","volume":"15","author":"Rossi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.059","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients","volume":"48","author":"Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408360600931831","article-title":"Clinical use of laboratory tests for the identification of secondary forms of arterial hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0104","article-title":"Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"93","author":"Funder","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000116223.97436.e5","article-title":"Resistant hypertension, obesity, sleep apnea, and aldosterone: theory and therapy","volume":"43","author":"Goodfriend","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0251","article-title":"Body mass index predicts plasma aldosterone concentrations in overweight-obese primary hypertensive patients","volume":"93","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1981.00340130033011","article-title":"A\u00a0screening test to identify aldosterone-producing adenoma by measuring plasma renin activity. Results in hypertensive patients","volume":"141","author":"Hiramatsu","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2005.02.007","article-title":"Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: from screening to subtype differentiation","volume":"16","author":"Mulatero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/37.10.1811","article-title":"Plasma renin activity and plasma prorenin assays","volume":"37","author":"Sealey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.7.1243","article-title":"Plasma renin activity: temperature optimum at approximately 45 degrees C","volume":"43","author":"Roding","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2005.02.006","article-title":"Plasma renin and aldosterone measurements in low renin hypertensive states","volume":"16","author":"Sealey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.118000","article-title":"Activity assays and immunoassays for plasma renin and prorenin: information provided and precautions necessary for accurate measurement","volume":"55","author":"Campbell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32833d2192","article-title":"The aldosterone renin ratio based on the plasma renin activity and the direct renin assay for diagnosing aldosterone-producing adenoma","volume":"28","author":"Rossi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000038478.59760.41","article-title":"Drug effects on aldosterone\/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism","volume":"40","author":"Mulatero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3317\/jraas.2001.022","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism","volume":"2","author":"Stowasser","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200311000-00025","article-title":"High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after \u2018non-selective\u2019 screening of hypertensive patients","volume":"21","author":"Stowasser","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000217857.20241.0f","article-title":"Analysis of screening and confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: need for a standardized protocol","volume":"24","author":"Giacchetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.139832","article-title":"Within-patient reproducibility of the aldosterone: renin ratio in primary aldosteronism","volume":"55","author":"Rossi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.6.1440","article-title":"Captopril suppression versus salt loading in confirming primary aldosteronism","volume":"37","author":"Agharazii","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000014324.68506.CA","article-title":"Diagnostic value of the post-captopril test in primary aldosteronism","volume":"39","author":"Castro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/3.7.576","article-title":"Correctable subsets of primary aldosteronism. Primary adrenal hyperplasia and renin responsive adenoma","volume":"3","author":"Irony","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib73","first-page":"S103","article-title":"Angiotensin-responsive aldosterone-producing adenoma masquerades as idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA:adrenal hyperplasia) or low-renin hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Gordon","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.6.5.717","article-title":"Further evaluation of saline infusion for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism","volume":"6","author":"Holland","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.091827","article-title":"Comparison of the captopril and the saline infusion test for excluding aldosterone-producing adenoma","volume":"50","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349761","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism","volume":"18","author":"Gordon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031337","article-title":"Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents","volume":"89","author":"Mulatero","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-0594-8","article-title":"Primary hyperaldosteronism secondary to unilateral adrenal hyperplasia: an unusual cause of surgically correctable hypertension. A review of 30 cases","volume":"31","author":"Goh","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib79","first-page":"357","article-title":"Imaging of aldosterone-secreting adenomas: a prospective comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in 27 patients with suspected primary aldosteronism","volume":"7","author":"Rossi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03129-9","article-title":"A\u00a0thoracic mass with hypertension and hypokalaemia","volume":"356","author":"Rossi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.1.00867","article-title":"Aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma: an unusual cause of Conn\u2019s syndrome with an ominous clinical course","volume":"12","author":"Seccia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2002.30498","article-title":"Unique cases of unilateral hyperaldosteronemia due to multiple adrenocortical micronodules, which can only be detected by selective adrenal venous sampling","volume":"51","author":"Omura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(96)00506-7","article-title":"Coexistence of aldosteronoma and contralateral nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma in primary aldosteronism","volume":"10","author":"Fallo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib84","first-page":"1066","article-title":"Comparison of adrenal vein sampling and computed tomography in the differentiation of primary aldosteronism","volume":"86","author":"Magill","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib85","first-page":"637","article-title":"A\u00a0survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology","volume":"85","author":"Mantero","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.06.051","article-title":"Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism","volume":"136","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-5-200909010-00007","article-title":"Systematic review: diagnostic procedures to differentiate unilateral from bilateral adrenal abnormality in primary aldosteronism","volume":"151","author":"Kempers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03714.x","article-title":"Adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism: time for a reality check","volume":"72","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282f9e66a","article-title":"Adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism: the assessment of selectivity and lateralization of aldosterone excess baseline and after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation","volume":"26","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.10.006","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism\u2014careful investigation is essential and rewarding","volume":"217","author":"Stowasser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000202818.10459.96","article-title":"Dynamic testing with high-dose adrenocorticotrophic hormone does not improve lateralization of aldosterone oversecretion in primary aldosteronism patients","volume":"24","author":"Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.128553","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation during adrenal vein sampling for identifying surgically curable subtypes of primary aldosteronism: comparison of 3 different protocols","volume":"53","author":"Seccia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.3.7287","article-title":"Identification of the etiology of primary aldosteronism with adrenal vein sampling in patients with equivocal computed tomography and magnetic resonance findings: results in 104 consecutive cases","volume":"86","author":"Rossi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-007-0017-3","article-title":"New concepts in adrenal vein sampling for aldosterone in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism","volume":"9","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.146613","article-title":"Impact of different diagnostic criteria during adrenal vein sampling on reproducibility of subtype diagnosis in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"55","author":"Mulatero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03450.x","article-title":"What are the keys to successful adrenal venous sampling (AVS) in patients with primary aldosteronism?","volume":"70","author":"Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283060f0c","article-title":"Blood pressure outcome of adrenalectomy in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism with or without unilateral adenoma","volume":"26","author":"Letavernier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2055","article-title":"Roles of clinical criteria, computed tomography scan, and adrenal vein sampling in differential diagnosis of primary aldosteronism subtypes","volume":"93","author":"Mulatero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2803","article-title":"Role of unilateral adrenalectomy in bilateral primary aldosteronism: a 22-year single center experience","volume":"94","author":"Sukor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2006.07.026","article-title":"Adrenal venous sampling in primary hyperaldosteronism: comparison of radiographic with biochemical success and the clinical decision-making with \u201cless than ideal\u201d testing","volume":"140","author":"Harvey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1252060","article-title":"What we still do not know about adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism","volume":"42","author":"Auchus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.134759","article-title":"Impact of accessory hepatic veins on adrenal vein sampling for identification of surgically curable primary aldosteronism","volume":"54","author":"Miotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.092080","article-title":"Rapid cortisol assay during adrenal vein sampling in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"53","author":"Mengozzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181961d77","article-title":"Rapid cortisol assays improve the success rate of adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism","volume":"249","author":"Auchus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000134495.26900.6A","article-title":"Comparison of sequential versus simultaneous methods of adrenal venous sampling","volume":"15","author":"Carr","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-40-4-652","article-title":"Suppression of renin and aldosterone by small amounts of DOCA in normal man","volume":"40","author":"Shade","year":"1975","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1510073","article-title":"Postoperative differentiation between unilateral adrenal adenoma and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia in primary aldosteronism by mRNA expression of the gene CYP11B2","volume":"151","author":"Enberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2010","article-title":"Adrenocortical zonation in humans under normal and pathological conditions","volume":"95","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S143","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.25si055514","article-title":"Adrenal vein sampling: how to make it quick, easy, and successful","volume":"25","author":"Daunt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0078","article-title":"Comparison of confirmatory tests for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism","volume":"91","author":"Mulatero","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3280127973","article-title":"To stimulate or not to stimulate: is adrenocorticotrophic hormone testing necessary, or not?","volume":"25","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3281c4a006","article-title":"To stimulate or not to stimulate: is adrenocorticotrophic hormone testing necessary, or not? Round 2","volume":"25","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197602192940802","article-title":"Location of aldosterone-producing adenomas with 131I-19-iodocholesterol","volume":"294","author":"Hogan","year":"1976","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-4-825","article-title":"Iodomethylnorcholesterol uptake in an aldosteronoma shown by dexamethasone-suppression scintigraphy: relationship to adenoma size and functional activity","volume":"71","author":"Nomura","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(01)02312-3","article-title":"Unilateral adrenal hyperplasia causing primary aldosteronism: limitations of I-131 norcholesterol scanning","volume":"15","author":"Mansoor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib116","first-page":"503","article-title":"Laparoscopic versus open adrenalectomy: outcome in 35 consecutive patients","volume":"1","author":"Toniato","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Surg Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)02240-9","article-title":"Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas: indications, technique, and results","volume":"61","author":"Jeschke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib118","first-page":"32","article-title":"Laparoscopic management of primary hyperaldosteronism: clinical experience with 212 cases","volume":"169","author":"Meria","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480507101015","article-title":"Long-term results of adrenalectomy in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas: multivariate analysis of factors affecting unresolved hypertension and review of the literature","volume":"71","author":"Lumachi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib120","first-page":"987","article-title":"Risk factors associated with postoperative persistent hypertension in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"112","author":"Obara","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.1998.93108","article-title":"Essential hypertension: first reason for persistent hypertension after unilateral adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism?","volume":"124","author":"Proye","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103580","article-title":"A\u00a0number of marketed dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers have mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist activity","volume":"51","author":"Dietz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889852911000065?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889852911000065?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:34:12Z","timestamp":1760175252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889852911000065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889852911000065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8529","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}