{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:38:25Z","timestamp":1789763905596,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,2]],"date-time":"2014-06-02T03:30:59Z","timestamp":1401679859000},"page":"529-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Thyroid Disease and Cognition"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Mary H.","family":"Samuels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib1","first-page":"180","article-title":"On a cretinoid state supervening in adult life in women","volume":"7","author":"Gull","year":"1873","journal-title":"Trans Clin Soc Lond"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib2","first-page":"516","article-title":"Newly observed affection of the thyroid gland in females","volume":"7","author":"Graves","year":"1835","journal-title":"Lond Med Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01733.x","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and neurophysiological actions of thyroid hormone","volume":"20","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-010-9208-8","article-title":"Structural and functional alterations in the hippocampus due to hypothyroidism","volume":"25","author":"Koromilas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1616","article-title":"Importance of monocarboxylate transporter 8 for the blood-brain barrier-dependent availability of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine","volume":"150","author":"Ceballos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.931","article-title":"Thyroid hormone deiodinases in the central and peripheral nervous system","volume":"15","author":"Courtin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1991.1.173","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization of thyroid hormone receptors in the adult rat brain","volume":"1","author":"Puymirat","year":"1991","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06862.x","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormone replacement on associative learning and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in adult hypothyroid rats","volume":"30","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Lamo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(01)00037-9","article-title":"Thyroid hormones, brain function and cognition: a brief review","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.04.003","article-title":"Changes in acetylcholinesterase, Na+,K+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase activities in the frontal cortex and the hippocampus of hyper- and hypothyroid adult rats","volume":"56","author":"Carageorgiou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327111405863","article-title":"Monoamine concentrations changes in the PTU induced hypothyroid rat brain and the ameliorating role of folic acid","volume":"31","author":"Tousson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1966.01730090053008","article-title":"Myxedema with psychosis","volume":"14","author":"Easson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib13","first-page":"49","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric aspects of hypothyroidism and treatment reversibility","volume":"32","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705050642","article-title":"Anxiety and depression, attention, and executive functions in hypothyroidism","volume":"11","author":"Constant","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.05.008","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, health-related quality of life, and disability in patients with overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction","volume":"37","author":"Gulseren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2702","article-title":"Evidence for a specific defect in hippocampal memory in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"94","author":"Correia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.01250.x","article-title":"An association between depression, anxiety and thyroid function\u2013a clinical fact or an artefact?","volume":"106","author":"Engum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32830eb84c","article-title":"Cognitive function in untreated hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism","volume":"15","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2007.19.2.132","article-title":"Verbal memory retrieval deficits associated with untreated hypothyroidism","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1089\/10507250152741037","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and cognition: preliminary evidence for a specific defect in memory","volume":"11","author":"Burmeister","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.0.0100601","article-title":"Quality of life and psychometric functionality in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Botella-Carretero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639308402598","article-title":"Memory, mood and measurement in hypothyroidism","volume":"15","author":"Mennemeier","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb02130.x","article-title":"Cognitive function in non-demented older adults with hypothyroidism","volume":"40","author":"Osterweil","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00216.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid proteins in subclinical and overt hypothyroidism","volume":"95","author":"Nystrom","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450600550154","article-title":"Memory improvement with treatment of hypothyroidism","volume":"116","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2235","article-title":"Brain glucose metabolism in hypothyroidism: a positron emission tomography study before and after thyroid hormone replacement therapy","volume":"94","author":"Bauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib27","first-page":"75","article-title":"Neurological and psychiatric disorders in thyroid dysfunctions. The role of nuclear medicine: SPECT and PET imaging","volume":"33","author":"Lass","year":"2008","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.8.7749","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in hypothyroidism: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"86","author":"Constant","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0046","article-title":"Functional magnetic resource imaging assessment of altered brain function in hypothyroidism during working memory processing","volume":"164","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1242","article-title":"Cognitive function in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"95","author":"Samuels","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3796","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism, mood, and cognition in older adults: a review","volume":"28","author":"Joffe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00006","article-title":"Is subclinical thyroid dysfunction in the elderly associated with depression or cognitive dysfunction?","volume":"145","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.21.2591","article-title":"Thyroid status, disability and cognitive function, and survival in old age","volume":"292","author":"Gussekloo","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02771.x","article-title":"Well-being, health-related quality of life and cardiovascular disease risk profile in women with subclinical thyroid disease\u2014a community-based study","volume":"66","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(97)00089-4","article-title":"Psychopathological and cognitive features in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"21","author":"Baldini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2009.05.015","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is not associated with metabolic derangement, cognitive impairment, depression or poor quality of life (QoL) in elderly subjects","volume":"50","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0430","article-title":"Endogenous subclinical thyroid disorders, physical and cognitive function, depression, and mortality in older individuals","volume":"165","author":"de Jongh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1775","article-title":"Neuropsychological function and symptoms in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism and the effect of thyroxine treatment","volume":"91","author":"Jorde","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01022-7","article-title":"A\u00a06-month randomized trial of thyroxine treatment in women with mild subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"112","author":"Kong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2571","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial of the effect of thyroxine replacement on cognitive function in community-living elderly subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: the Birmingham Elderly Thyroid Study","volume":"95","author":"Parle","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0226","article-title":"Mildly elevated TSH and cognition in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"19","author":"St John","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/24.3.235","article-title":"The PAUID survey and correlates of subclinical hypothyroidism in elderly community residents in the southwest of France","volume":"24","author":"Manciet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib43","first-page":"60","article-title":"Prevalence of cognitive dysfunction and hypothyroidism in an elderly community population","volume":"2","author":"Luboschitzky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02598988","article-title":"Does treatment with L-thyroxine influence health status in middle-aged and older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism?","volume":"11","author":"Jaeschke","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2004.00262.x","article-title":"Cognitive and affective status in mild hypothyroidism and interactions with L-thyroxine treatment","volume":"110","author":"Bono","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl215","article-title":"fMRI revealed neural substrate for reversible working memory dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"129","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0011","article-title":"Health status, mood, and cognition in experimentally induced subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"92","author":"Samuels","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib48","first-page":"115","article-title":"Changes of event related potential and cognitive processes in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism after thyroxine treatment","volume":"36","author":"Jensovsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr Regul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1420438","article-title":"Psychoses associated with thyrotoxicosis\u2014'thyrotoxic psychosis.' A report of 18 cases, with statistical analysis of incidence","volume":"142","author":"Brownlie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.01.015","article-title":"Thyroid emergencies","volume":"96","author":"Klubo-Gwiezdzinska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib51","first-page":"747","article-title":"Apathetic form of thyrotoxicosis","volume":"43","author":"Wagle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2006.09.012","article-title":"Affective symptoms and cognitive functions in the acute phase of Graves\u2019 thyrotoxicosis","volume":"32","author":"Vogel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(86)90060-5","article-title":"The relationship of anxiety and depression to symptoms of hyperthyroidism using operational criteria","volume":"8","author":"Kathol","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(88)90084-9","article-title":"A\u00a0psychiatric and neuropsychological study of patients with untreated Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"10","author":"Trzepacz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib55","first-page":"6","article-title":"Neuropsychological findings in hyperthyroid patients","volume":"38","author":"Yudiarto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Med Indones"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.89.4.519","article-title":"Acute hyperthyroidism: cognitive and emotional correlates","volume":"4","author":"Wallace","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1969.01740130050004","article-title":"Mental changes accompanying thyroid gland dysfunction","volume":"20","author":"Whybrow","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90051-0","article-title":"Psychiatric and neuropsychological response to propranolol in Graves\u2019 Disease","volume":"23","author":"Trzepacz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(99)00050-5","article-title":"Long-term residual complaints and psychosocial sequelae after remission of hyperthyroidism","volume":"25","author":"Fahrenfort","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000038911.07643.BF","article-title":"Reduced myo-inositol and total choline measured with cerebral MRS in acute thyrotoxic Graves' disease","volume":"60","author":"Elberling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2161","article-title":"Reduced parietooccipital white matter glutamine measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in treated Graves\u2019 disease patients","volume":"93","author":"Danielsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0573","article-title":"Positron emission tomography reveals correlations between brain metabolism and mood changes in hyperthyroidism","volume":"91","author":"Schreckenberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib63","first-page":"264","article-title":"Preclinical hyperthyroidism and its correlation with clinical and psychological symptoms","volume":"65","author":"Rockel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.02080.x","article-title":"Thyroid function abnormalities and cognitive impairment in elderly people: results of the Invecchiare in Chianti Study","volume":"57","author":"Ceresini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03521.x","article-title":"A\u00a0paradoxical difference in relationship between anxiety, depression and thyroid function in subjects on and not on T4: findings from the HUNT study","volume":"71","author":"Panicker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2284","article-title":"The thyroid in mind: cognitive function and low thyrotropin in older people","volume":"97","author":"Gan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M111","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.3.M111","article-title":"Thyroid hormones: positive relationships with cognition in healthy, euthyroid older men","volume":"54","author":"Prinz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1813","article-title":"Thyroid hormones are associated with cognitive function: moderation by sex, race, and depressive symptoms","volume":"98","author":"Beydoun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2003.08.002","article-title":"Thyroid function, depressed mood, and cognitive performance in older individuals: the Maastricht Aging Study","volume":"29","author":"Van Boxtel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0099","article-title":"Small changes in thyroxine dosage do not produce measurable changes in hypothyroid symptoms, well-being, or quality of life: results of a double-blind, randomized clinical trial","volume":"91","author":"Walsh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1957","article-title":"Health status, mood, and cognition in experimentally induced subclinical thyrotoxicosis","volume":"93","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370805301209","article-title":"Basal thyrotropin and major depression: relation to clinical variables and treatment outcome","volume":"53","author":"Joffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03352.x","article-title":"Thyroid function and the natural history of depression: findings from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS) and a meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.05.016","article-title":"Thyroid stimulating hormone and prospective memory functioning in old age","volume":"34","author":"Livner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.05.008","article-title":"Thyroid function and cognitive decline in the MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Study","volume":"33","author":"Hogervorst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.02.014","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and cognitive functioning in healthy, euthyroid women: a correlational study","volume":"61","author":"Grigorova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.01.010","article-title":"Longitudinal evidence of the impact of normal thyroid stimulating hormone variations on cognitive functioning in very old age","volume":"30","author":"Wahlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.07.018","article-title":"Thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and cognitive ability in old age: the Lothian Birth Cohort Study 1936","volume":"38","author":"Booth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7318.891","article-title":"Thyroxine treatment in patients with symptoms of hypothyroidism but thyroid function tests within the reference range: randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial","volume":"323","author":"Pollock","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01654.x","article-title":"Psychological well-being in patients on 'adequate' doses of l-thyroxine: results of a large, controlled community-based questionnaire study","volume":"57","author":"Saravanan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0414","article-title":"Psychological well-being correlates with free thyroxine but not free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine levels in patients on thyroid hormone replacement","volume":"91","author":"Saravanan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02025","article-title":"Cognitive functioning and well-being in euthyroid patients on thyroxine replacement therapy for primary hypothyroidism","volume":"153","author":"Wekking","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.0252","article-title":"Health status, psychological symptoms, mood and cognition in L-thyroxine treated hypothyroid subjects","volume":"17","author":"Samuels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0606","article-title":"Treated hypothyroidism, cognitive function, and depressed mood in old age: the Rancho Bernardo Study","volume":"161","author":"Kramer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1301","article-title":"Common variation in the DIO2 gene predicts baseline psychological well-being and response to combination thyroxine plus triiodothyronine therapy in hypothyroid patients","volume":"94","author":"Panicker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03267.x","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the brain-specific thyroid hormone transporter OATP1C1 are associated with fatigue and depression in hypothyroid patients","volume":"69","author":"van der Deure","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-1-23","article-title":"A\u00a0case control study on psychiatric disorders in Hashimoto disease and euthyroid goiter: not only depressive but also anxiety disorders are associated with thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"1","author":"Carta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00586.x","article-title":"Mental and physical complaints in thyroid disorders in the general population","volume":"112","author":"Grabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0191","article-title":"Hashimoto's thyroiditis affects symptom load and quality of life unrelated to hypothyroidism: a prospective case-control study in women undergoing thyroidectomy for benign goiter","volume":"21","author":"Ott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.08.009","article-title":"Increased occurrence of weaknesses in attention testing in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis compared to patients with other thyroid illnesses","volume":"33","author":"Leyhe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.04.002","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity, depression and anxiety; are there any connections? An epidemiological study of a large population","volume":"59","author":"Engum","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychosom Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3399","article-title":"Combination treatment with T4 and T3: toward personalized replacement therapy in hypothyroidism?","volume":"97","author":"Biondi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4107","article-title":"Desiccated thyroid extract compared with levothyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study","volume":"98","author":"Hoang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2230","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2108","article-title":"Higher free thyroxine levels predict increased incidence of dementia in older men: the Health in Men Study","volume":"97","author":"Yeap","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.019","article-title":"Thyroid function, the risk of dementia and neuropathologic changes: the Honolulu Asia Aging Study","volume":"30","author":"de Jong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.2.197","article-title":"Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"63","author":"Castillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.02.015","article-title":"Novel autoantigens recognized by CSF IgG from Hashimoto's encephalitis revealed by a proteomic approach","volume":"196","author":"Gini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889852914000073?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889852914000073?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:38:23Z","timestamp":1760175503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889852914000073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889852914000073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8529","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Thyroid Disease and Cognition","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.02.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}