{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:48:37Z","timestamp":1789480117295,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308237\/2014-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308237\/2014-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"D'Or Institute of Research and Education"},{"name":"David Winston Turner Endowment Fund"},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["APP1117188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1117188"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T22:56:05Z","timestamp":1549925765000},"page":"65-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A Clinical Staging Model for Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder: Is It Ready for Prime Time?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9075-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo F.","family":"Fontenelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852916000110","article-title":"Obsessive compulsive and related disorders: comparing DSM-5 and ICD-11","volume":"21","author":"Marras","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000981","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Kisely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1193","article-title":"Gamma ventral capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"71","author":"Lopes","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0020","unstructured":"FDA permits marketing of transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder [press release]. Silver Spring, MD: FDA News Release, August 17, 2018."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2200","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: advances in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"317","author":"Hirschtritt","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94","article-title":"The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"15","author":"Ruscio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2012.755206","article-title":"A prospective population-based cohort study of the prevalence, incidence and impact of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology","volume":"17","author":"Fineberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1017\/S135246581100004X","article-title":"Retrospective reports of the development of obsessive compulsive disorder: extending knowledge of the protracted symptom phase","volume":"39","author":"Coles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007046","article-title":"The \u201cclose-in\u201d or ultra high-risk model: a safe and effective strategy for research and clinical intervention in prepsychotic mental disorder","volume":"29","author":"McGorry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.011","article-title":"Systematic review of environmental risk factors for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a proposed roadmap from association to causation","volume":"65","author":"Brander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22013","article-title":"Clinical predictors of long-term outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"30","author":"Jakubovski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2013.777744","article-title":"Remission of obsessive-compulsive disorders and syndromes; evidence from a prospective community cohort study over 30 years","volume":"17","author":"Fineberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m07657","article-title":"Five-year course of obsessive-compulsive disorder: predictors of remission and relapse","volume":"74","author":"Eisen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20144","article-title":"Biomarkers and clinical staging in psychiatry","volume":"13","author":"McGorry","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2307\/1131925","article-title":"Ritual, habit, and perfectionism: the prevalence and development of compulsive-like behavior in normal young children","volume":"68","author":"Evans","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008","article-title":"The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00023","article-title":"Children's Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: reliability and validity","volume":"36","author":"Scahill","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.08.007","article-title":"Defining clinical severity in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"63","author":"Storch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.02.003","article-title":"Symptom dimensions are associated with age of onset and clinical course of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"44","author":"Kichuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2013.777745","article-title":"Lifetime comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and sub-threshold obsessive-compulsive symptomatology in the community: impact, prevalence, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Fineberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08071006","article-title":"Obsessions and compulsions in the community: prevalence, interference, help-seeking, developmental stability, and co-occurring psychiatric conditions","volume":"166","author":"Fullana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-003-0308-4","article-title":"The Leyton obsessional inventory \u2014 child version in Greek adolescents: standardization in a national school-based survey and two-year follow-up","volume":"12","author":"Roussos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s143","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462011000600003","article-title":"Young people at ultra high risk for psychosis: research from the PACE clinic","volume":"33","author":"Yung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista brasileira de psiquiatria"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2016.1249891","article-title":"Clinical features associated with increased severity of illness in tertiary clinic referred patients with obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"21","author":"Dell'Osso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717003701","article-title":"Chronic obsessive-compulsive disorder: prognostic factors","volume":"48","author":"van Oudheusden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2017.06.17.2","article-title":"The impact of general medical conditions in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"15","author":"Aguglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry investigation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0104","article-title":"Impact of age at onset and duration of illness on the expression of comorbidities in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"65","author":"Diniz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2014.959996","article-title":"The relationship between insight and the level of expressed emotion in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"69","author":"Ozkiris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.03.003","article-title":"A meta-analysis of family accommodation and OCD symptom severity","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.8","article-title":"Endophenotype: a conceptual analysis","volume":"15","author":"Kendler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.06.031","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder clinical staging: from endophenotype to behavioral addiction (a theoretical framework)","volume":"26","author":"Grassi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.2\/dpauls","article-title":"The genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review","volume":"12","author":"Pauls","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3746","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective","volume":"15","author":"Pauls","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.09.008","article-title":"Etiology of obsessions and compulsions: a meta-analysis and narrative review of twin studies","volume":"31","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.76","article-title":"Molecular genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comprehensive meta-analysis of genetic association studies","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.03.037","article-title":"Genome-wide linkage analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder implicates chromosome 1p36","volume":"72","author":"Mathews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.43","article-title":"Genome-wide association study in obsessive-compulsive disorder: results from the OCGAS","volume":"20","author":"Mattheisen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13101306","article-title":"Cross-disorder genome-wide analyses suggest a complex genetic relationship between Tourette's syndrome and OCD","volume":"172","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.223","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a large population-based twin-family sample are predicted by clinically based polygenic scores and by genome-wide SNPs","volume":"6","author":"den Braber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-016-9170-9","article-title":"Uncovering obsessive-compulsive disorder risk genes in a pediatric cohort by high-resolution analysis of copy number variation","volume":"8","author":"Gazzellone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.30","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing in obsessive-compulsive disorder identifies rare mutations in immunological and neurodevelopmental pathways","volume":"6","author":"Cappi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00831-x","article-title":"Integrating evolutionary and regulatory information with a multispecies approach implicates genes and pathways in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"8","author":"Noh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.154","volume":"23","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.04.022","article-title":"Copy number variation in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome: a cross-disorder study","volume":"53","author":"McGrath","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.30","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing in obsessive-compulsive disorder identifies rare mutations in immunological and neurodevelopmental pathways","volume":"6","author":"Cappi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01031.x","article-title":"The natural history of change in intellectual performance: who changes? How much? Is it meaningful?","volume":"34","author":"Moffitt","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-017-9358-0","article-title":"Meta-analysis of intelligence quotient (IQ) in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"28","author":"Abramovitch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000894","article-title":"Risk factors prospectively associated with adult obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"41","author":"Grisham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.05.004","article-title":"The influence of age at onset and duration of illness on long-term outcome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a report from the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS)","volume":"23","author":"Dell'Osso","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.12.007","article-title":"A cytokine study of adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"53","author":"Fontenelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65704","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/65704","article-title":"Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"2007","author":"Konuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001803","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0265","first-page":"241","article-title":"Depression accounts for executive function deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"14","author":"Basso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2011.626869","article-title":"Do cognitive functions in obsessive-compulsive disorder change after treatment? A systematic review and a double case report","volume":"66","author":"Vandborg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20484","article-title":"Duration effect of obsessive-compulsive disorder on cognitive function: a functional MRI study","volume":"26","author":"Nakao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.7.720","article-title":"Mapping structural brain alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"61","author":"Pujol","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13040574","article-title":"Multicenter voxel-based morphometry mega-analysis of structural brain scans in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"171","author":"de Wit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16020201","article-title":"Distinct subcortical volume alterations in pediatric and adult OCD: a worldwide meta- and mega-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Boedhoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17050485","article-title":"Cortical abnormalities associated with pediatric and adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Working Group","volume":"175","author":"Boedhoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2008.23.1.24","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry study of gray matter abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"23","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.04.002","article-title":"Hippocampus and amygdalar volumes in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"32","author":"Atmaca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0310","series-title":"Metabolic and structural abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multimodal neuroimaging and clinical approach. Paper presented at: 31st European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress 2018; Barcelona","author":"Andrade","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.11.007","article-title":"1H-MRS of the anterior cingulate cortex in childhood and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case-control study","volume":"25","author":"Ortiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301290","article-title":"[123I]-beta-CIT SPECT imaging shows reduced thalamus-hypothalamus serotonin transporter availability in 24 drug-free obsessive-compulsive checkers","volume":"32","author":"Zitterl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/15622970903418544","article-title":"Duration of untreated illness as a predictor of treatment response and remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Dell'Osso","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1605","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09468","article-title":"Predicting course of illness in patients with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"76","author":"Garnaat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04806blu","article-title":"A 2-year prospective follow-up study of the course of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"71","author":"Eisen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1199960","article-title":"Predictors of response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"16","author":"Hazari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0345","first-page":"315","article-title":"A score for predicting response to pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"18","author":"Denys","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/104012371402600105","article-title":"Excluding the typical patient: thirty years of pharmacotherapy efficacy trials for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Odlaug","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00302.x","article-title":"Long-term outcome of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis and qualitative review of the literature","volume":"110","author":"Stewart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.04.010","article-title":"Long-term course of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: 3 years of prospective follow-up","volume":"55","author":"Mancebo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0365","first-page":"1","article-title":"Duration of untreated illness in a cross-diagnostic sample of obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder","author":"Vigne","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.12.019","article-title":"Factors associated with the duration of untreated illness among patients with obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"58","author":"Poyraz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852914000339","article-title":"Differences in duration of untreated illness, duration, and severity of illness among clinical phenotypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"20","author":"Dell'Osso","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy079","article-title":"From treatment response to recovery - a realistic goal in OCD","volume":"21","author":"Burchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-7229(05)80068-9","article-title":"Stepped care for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Tolin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Pract"},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta21370","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of low-intensity interventions in the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Obsessive-Compulsive Treatment Efficacy randomised controlled Trial (OCTET)","volume":"21","author":"Lovell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465818000115","article-title":"Children's naive concepts of OCD and how they are affected by biomedical versus cognitive behavioural psychoeducation","volume":"46","author":"Butlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.03.015","article-title":"A cognitive behavioral workshop for subclinical obsessions and compulsions","volume":"44","author":"Zucker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31818786b8","article-title":"The effects of a mindfulness intervention on obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a non-clinical student population","volume":"196","author":"Hanstede","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontenelle LF, Quintas JN, Yucel M. Is There A Role for lifestyle interventions in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders? Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2018.","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180104150854"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.12.007","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of self-help therapeutic interventions for obsessive-compulsive disorder: is therapeutic contact key to overall improvement?","volume":"51","author":"Pearcy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1932","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy vs risperidone for augmenting serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"70","author":"Simpson","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09513","article-title":"Exposure and response prevention helps adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder who do not respond to pharmacological augmentation strategies","volume":"76","author":"McLean","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2014.08.002","article-title":"Concentrated ERP delivered in a group setting: an effectiveness study","volume":"3","author":"Havnen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465815000259","article-title":"Outcome of intensive cognitive behaviour therapy in a residential setting for people with severe obsessive compulsive disorder: a large open case series","volume":"44","author":"Veale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2005.05.008","article-title":"Temperament and anxiety disorders","volume":"14","author":"Perez-Edgar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.11.014","article-title":"Preschool environment and temperament as predictors of social and nonsocial anxiety disorders in middle adolescence","volume":"53","author":"Rapee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704003873","article-title":"Magnitude of placebo response and drug-placebo differences across psychiatric disorders","volume":"35","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"484","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.112.484.261","article-title":"The phenomenology of obsessions in depressive psychosis","volume":"112","author":"Gittleson","year":"1966","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"484","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.112.484.253","article-title":"The effect of obsessions on depressive psychosis","volume":"112","author":"Gittleson","year":"1966","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"488","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.112.488.705","article-title":"The fate of obsessions in depressive psychosis","volume":"112","author":"Gittleson","year":"1966","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leadholm AK, Rothschild AJ, Nolen WA, Bech P, Munk-Jorgensen P, Ostergaard SD. The treatment of psychotic depression: is there consensus among guidelines and psychiatrists? Journal of Affective Disorders. n145(2):214\u2013220.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.07.036"}],"container-title":["EClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537019300203?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537019300203?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T18:59:30Z","timestamp":1762887570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537019300203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S2589537019300203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Clinical Staging Model for Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder: Is It Ready for Prime Time?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"EClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}