{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:14:12Z","timestamp":1790183652200,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010002","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010872","name":"King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T05:55:03Z","timestamp":1589954103000},"page":"100357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Intensive care utilization in patients with end-stage liver disease: A population-based comparative study of cohorts with and without comorbid hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9997-9842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Kuei","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Hsiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene J","family":"Higginson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9930","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60121-5","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"383","author":"Tsochatzis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0145-y","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis mortality in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mokdad","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0003","series-title":"Age-standardized death rates liver cirrhosis (15+ years) per 100,000 population, 2012","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0004","series-title":"European social statistics 2013","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/NJH.0b013e318289f4b0","article-title":"The transition to end-of-life care in end-stage liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Cox-North","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hosp Palliat Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0006","article-title":"Deaths from liver disease: Implications for end of life care in England","author":"Effiong","year":"2012","journal-title":"National End of Life Care Intelligence Network"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12569","article-title":"The burden of alcoholism in fifteen years of cirrhosis hospital admissions in Portugal","volume":"35","author":"Marinho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24500","article-title":"Fighting against viral hepatitis: lessons from Taiwan","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S1607-551X(10)70073-5","article-title":"Viral hepatitis infections in southern Taiwan: a multicenter community-based study","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences"},{"issue":"8256","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90585-7","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan","volume":"2","author":"Beasley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28717","article-title":"Balancing quality with quantity: The role of palliative care in managing decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"64","author":"Langberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzw060","article-title":"Non-beneficial treatments in hospital at the end of life: a systematic review on extent of the problem","volume":"28","author":"Cardona-Morrell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.20.5096","article-title":"Determinants of aggressive end-of-life care for Taiwanese cancer decedents, 2001 to 2006","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-017-0272-6","article-title":"The impact of sepsis, delirium, and psychological distress on self-rated cognitive function in ICU survivors-a prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Bruck","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2015.0120","article-title":"Wells-Di Gregorio SM. ICU versus Non-ICU Hospital Death: Family Member Complicated Grief, Posttraumatic Stress, and Depressive Symptoms","volume":"19","author":"Probst","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2014.07.004","article-title":"Caring for the dying patient in the ICU\u2013the past, the present and the future","volume":"30","author":"Fridh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2004.01081.x","article-title":"The needs and experiences of family members of adult patients in an intensive care unit: a review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Verhaeghe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.18.2168","article-title":"Integrating palliative care for liver transplant candidates: \"too well for transplant, too sick for life","volume":"295","author":"Larson","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2013.0167","article-title":"Integration of palliative care in end-stage liver disease and liver transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Potosek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.478","article-title":"Palliative care for patients with end-stage liver disease: An overview","volume":"6","author":"Rakoski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0021","unstructured":"National Health Insurance Administration. Palliative Care Services Open to Terminally Ill Non-cancer Patients in Eight Newly Added Categories, Officially Covered by National Health Insurance since September 1st, 2009 2009[Available from:https:\/\/www.nhi.gov.tw\/english\/News_Content.aspx?n=996D1B4B5DC48343&sms=F0EAFEB716DE7FFA&s=37BA73280DCC9628.]"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"147","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.067","article-title":"Histamine2-receptor antagonists are an alternative to proton pump inhibitor in patients receiving clopidogrel","volume":"139","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.07.060","article-title":"Early Helicobacter pylori eradication decreases risk of gastric cancer in patients with peptic ulcer disease","volume":"137","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.26.0695","article-title":"Effective reduction of gastric cancer risk with regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9806-y","article-title":"Statin use and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.341","article-title":"Statins on the risk of gastric cancer: a population-based observation in Taiwan","volume":"108","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2087","article-title":"Validation of the National Health Insurance Research Database with ischemic stroke cases in Taiwan","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0029","unstructured":"Taiwan Minimum Monthly Wage 2011 [Available from:https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/taiwan\/minimum-wages.]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of chronic diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090","article-title":"A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data","volume":"159","author":"Zou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-21","article-title":"Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio","volume":"3","author":"Barros","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC medical research methodology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.167092","article-title":"Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: Odds versus risk","volume":"6","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspectives in clinical research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.4.272","article-title":"Prevalence odds ratio or prevalence ratio in the analysis of cross sectional data: what is to be done?","volume":"55","author":"Thompson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7825","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007825","article-title":"Trend analysis of end-of-life care between hospice and nonhospice groups of cancer patients in Taiwan for 2002\u201311","volume":"96","author":"Chiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25193","article-title":"Palliative care in end-stage liver disease: Time to do better?","volume":"24","author":"Mazzarelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.08.027","article-title":"Patients with cirrhosis and denied liver transplants rarely receive adequate palliative care or appropriate management","volume":"12","author":"Poonja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.019","article-title":"Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis","volume":"139","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216316676647","article-title":"Utility of the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO(c) tool and the Surprise Question as screening tools for early palliative care and to predict mortality in patients with advanced chronic conditions: A cohort study","volume":"31","author":"Gomez-Batiste","year":"2017","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27849","article-title":"Clinical Course of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome and effects on prognosis","volume":"62","author":"Gustot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208795","article-title":"Dying with dignity in the intensive care unit","volume":"370","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4396-2","article-title":"Making good death more accessible: end-of-life care in the intensive care unit","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive care medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0B013E3181659096","article-title":"Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a consensus statement by the American College [corrected] of Critical Care Medicine","volume":"36","author":"Truog","year":"2008","journal-title":"Critical care medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.01.030","article-title":"Palliative Care and Health Care Utilization for Patients With End-Stage Liver Disease at the End of Life","volume":"15","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0045","article-title":"Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer","volume":"6","author":"Haun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2016.0002","article-title":"Use of Palliative Care Consultation for Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease: Survey of Liver Transplant Service Providers","volume":"19","author":"Beck","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.08.028","article-title":"Supportive and palliative care in people with cirrhosis: International systematic review of the perspective of patients, family members and health professionals","volume":"69","author":"Low","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0048","first-page":"1855","article-title":"Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children","volume":"336","author":"Chang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.7326\/L16-0107","article-title":"Alcohol Use","volume":"165","author":"Edelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21859","article-title":"Outcome of foreign residents undergoing deceased donor liver transplantation in China: a single-center experience in Taiwan","volume":"15","author":"Kuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"}],"container-title":["EClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537020301012?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537020301012?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T19:02:39Z","timestamp":1762887759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537020301012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S2589537020301012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Intensive care utilization in patients with end-stage liver disease: A population-based comparative study of cohorts with and without comorbid hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"EClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100357","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100357"}}