{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T05:35:07Z","timestamp":1794375307960,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001340","name":"Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001340","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003810","name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004234","name":"Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Campinas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009571","name":"Universidad Nacional de San Luis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014429","name":"Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007688","name":"American University of Beirut","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007760","name":"College of Medicine Office of Research, Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008235","name":"School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004351","name":"Sultan Qaboos University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004351","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009702","name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009702","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T23:09:21Z","timestamp":1611875361000},"page":"100727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A global point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use in neonatal intensive care units: The no-more-antibiotics and resistance (NO-MAS-R) study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5787-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Prusakov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra A.","family":"Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip S.","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azraa","family":"Cassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine E.A.","family":"Scipion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soledad","family":"Urz\u00faa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ronchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingkong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwaseun","family":"Ladipo-Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelia","family":"Aviles-Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chisom R.","family":"Udeigwe-Okeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimma","family":"Melamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita C.","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Auriti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Beltr\u00e1n-Arroyave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Zamora-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sanchez-Codez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Donkor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satu","family":"Kekom\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Mainini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalba Vivas","family":"Trochez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamalyn","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan M.","family":"Graus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallory","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvette","family":"Loeffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Eulalia Tamayo","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria Isabel","family":"Ferreyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Lima-Rogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giannina","family":"Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Cernada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Stoffella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian Okwuchukwu","family":"Ekenze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"de Alba-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chryssoula","family":"Tzialla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3791-2965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer T.","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichiro","family":"Hosoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena Cecilia Calero","family":"Consuegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasqua","family":"Betta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O. Alvaro","family":"Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Roilides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2654-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Naranjo-Zu\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Oshiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Garay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Mond\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danila","family":"Mazzeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Stahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Cantey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Gonzalo Mesa","family":"Monsalve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Normann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay C.","family":"Landgrave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mazouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Alarc\u00f3n","family":"Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiammetta","family":"Piersigilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya","family":"Kolman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdellatif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Monterrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia Gabriella","family":"Tina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Yunis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio Belzu","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole Le","family":"Saux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Latorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidehiko","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Meir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Manzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Norero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n Garc\u00eda","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-5576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra K.","family":"Medoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo J.","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1361933","article-title":"Medication use in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"31","author":"Hsieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000178064.55193.1c","article-title":"Use of antimicrobial agents in United States neonatal and pediatric intensive care patients","volume":"24","author":"Grohskopf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"10104","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31002-4","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis","volume":"390","author":"Shane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403489","article-title":"Causes and timing of death in extremely premature infants from 2000 through 2011","volume":"372","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3423","article-title":"Prolonged duration of initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with increased rates of necrotizing enterocolitis and death for extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"123","author":"Cotten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.02.035","article-title":"Antibiotic exposure in the newborn intensive care unit and the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"159","author":"Alexander","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.036","article-title":"Early antibiotic exposure and adverse outcomes in preterm, very low birth weight infants","volume":"203","author":"Cantey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.05.033","article-title":"Prolonged initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with adverse outcomes in premature infants","volume":"159","author":"Kuppala","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1373844","article-title":"Prolonged early antibiotic use and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight infants","volume":"32","author":"Novitsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2286","article-title":"Duration of initial empirical antibiotic therapy and outcomes in very low birth weight infants","volume":"143","author":"Ting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2132","article-title":"Association between antibiotic use and neonatal mortality and morbidities in very low-birth-weight infants without culture-proven sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"170","author":"Ting","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632390","article-title":"Association of antibiotic utilization and neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely low gestational age neonates without proven sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"35","author":"Ting","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.11.002","article-title":"Antibiotic exposure and risk for death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight infants","volume":"181","author":"Cantey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9208","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)90015-1","article-title":"An antibiotic policy to prevent emergence of resistant bacilli","volume":"355","author":"de Man","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13135","article-title":"The incremental cost of infections associated with multidrug-resistant organisms in the inpatient hospital setting-A national estimate","volume":"54","author":"Johnston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1105","article-title":"Newborn antibiotic exposures and association with proven bloodstream infection","volume":"144","author":"Schulman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0115","article-title":"Variations in neonatal antibiotic use","volume":"142","author":"Schulman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000542","article-title":"Prospective surveillance of antibiotic use in the neonatal intensive care unit: results from the SCOUT study","volume":"34","author":"Cantey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000719","article-title":"Australia-wide point prevalence survey of antimicrobial prescribing in neonatal units: how much and how good?","volume":"34","author":"Osowicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318286c612","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance and prescribing in European Children project: a neonatal and pediatric antimicrobial web-based point prevalence survey in 73 hospitals worldwide","volume":"32","author":"Versporten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e861","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30071-3","article-title":"Use of the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve classification to define patterns of hospital antibiotic use (AWaRe): an analysis of paediatric survey data from 56 countries","volume":"7","author":"Hsia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F293","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315024","article-title":"Epidemiology of infections and antimicrobial use in Greek Neonatal Units","volume":"104","author":"Gkentzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0023","first-page":"518","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship challenges in a referral neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"33","author":"Shipp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv418","article-title":"The worldwide antibiotic resistance and prescribing in European children (ARPEC) point prevalence survey: developing hospital-quality indicators of antibiotic prescribing for children","volume":"71","author":"Versporten","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13256","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13256","article-title":"Happy birthday ignac semmelweiss! now, let's all wash our hands!","volume":"72","author":"Citrome","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1999","article-title":"Newborn. Levels of neonatal care","volume":"130","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.804880","article-title":"Public reporting of 30-day mortality for patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure","volume":"118","author":"Krumholz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.3681","article-title":"Association between early lactate levels and 30-day mortality in clinically suspected sepsis in children","volume":"171","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0029","series-title":"The 2019 WHO AWaRe classification of antibiotics for evaluation and monitoring of use","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30724-7","article-title":"Classifying antibiotics in the WHO Essential Medicines List for optimal use-be AWaRe","volume":"18","author":"Sharland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140546","article-title":"The importance of the normality assumption in large public health data sets","volume":"23","author":"Lumley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318026","article-title":"Effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in neonatology: a systematic review","volume":"105","author":"Araujo da Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2014.01.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship in the NICU","volume":"28","author":"Cantey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0589","article-title":"A collaborative multicenter QI initiative to improve antibiotic stewardship in newborns","volume":"144","author":"Dukhovny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.183","article-title":"A blueprint for targeted antimicrobial stewardship in neonatal intensive care units","volume":"38","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-015-0161-1","article-title":"Optimizing the use of antibacterial agents in the neonatal period","volume":"18","author":"Cantey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2020.v110i5.14564","article-title":"National neonatal sepsis task force launch: supporting infection prevention and surveillance, outbreak investigation and antimicrobial stewardship in neonatal units in South Africa","volume":"110","author":"Dramowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14337","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship in the neonatal unit reduces antibiotic exposure","volume":"107","author":"McCarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002055","article-title":"Antibiotic overuse in premature low birth weight infants in a developing country","volume":"38","author":"Rueda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2016.06.001","article-title":"Empiric therapy with vancomycin in the neonatal intensive care unit: let's \"get smart\" globally!","volume":"92","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00294","article-title":"Impact of empowering leadership on antimicrobial stewardship: a single center study in a neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit and a literature review","volume":"6","author":"Steinmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-20-134","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship in neonates: challenges and opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Ting","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002039","article-title":"Reduction of inappropriate antimicrobial prescriptions in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit after antimicrobial stewardship care bundle implementation","volume":"38","author":"Ting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0046","first-page":"99","article-title":"Strategies to reduce infections and antibiotic use and its effects in a neonatal care unit","volume":"34","author":"Urzua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Chilena Infectol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.07.032","article-title":"Prolonged antibiotic therapy for \"culture-negative\" sepsis in preterm infants: it's time to stop!","volume":"159","author":"Cantey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0044","article-title":"Ending the culture of culture-negative sepsis in the neonatal ICU","volume":"140","author":"Cantey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e417","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1597266","article-title":"Adenovirus and \"culture-negative sepsis\" in a preterm neonate","volume":"6","author":"Moallem","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJP Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.11.009","article-title":"Neonatal adenoviral infection: a seventeen year experience and review of the literature","volume":"164","author":"Ronchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.05.054","article-title":"Viral respiratory tract infections in the neonatal intensive care unit: the VIRIoN-I study","volume":"165","author":"Ronchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2018-0021","article-title":"Detection of cytomegalovirus in saliva from infants undergoing sepsis evaluation in the neonatal intensive care unit: the VIRIoN-C study","volume":"47","author":"Ronchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1937","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0076","article-title":"Breast milk-acquired cytomegalovirus infection and disease in VLBW and premature infants","volume":"131","author":"Lanzieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.001","article-title":"Unrecognized viral respiratory tract infections in premature infants during their birth hospitalization: a prospective surveillance study in two neonatal intensive care units","volume":"161","author":"Bennett","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2576","article-title":"The spartacus problem: diagnostic inefficiency of neonatal sepsis","volume":"144","author":"Cantey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00285","article-title":"Culture-negative early-onset neonatal sepsis - at the crossroad between efficient sepsis care and antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"6","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0577-5","article-title":"Standardizing the approach to late onset sepsis in neonates through antimicrobial stewardship: a quality improvement initiative","author":"Lamba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-4322","article-title":"Adherence of newborn-specific antibiotic stewardship programs to CDC recommendations","volume":"142","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0349-6","article-title":"Analytical and clinical validation of a microbial cell-free DNA sequencing test for infectious disease","volume":"4","author":"Blauwkamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231239","article-title":"Detection of microbial cell-free DNA in maternal and umbilical cord plasma in patients with chorioamnionitis using next generation sequencing","volume":"15","author":"Witt","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7200416","article-title":"Neonatal pneumonia: comparison of 4vs 7 days of antibiotic therapy in term and near-term infants","volume":"20","author":"Engle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210949","article-title":"Pneumonia in term neonates: laboratory studies and duration of antibiotic therapy","volume":"23","author":"Engle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30205-5","article-title":"Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use in the neonatal intensive care unit (SCOUT): a prospective interrupted time-series study","volume":"16","author":"Cantey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2019.221","article-title":"Application of an antibiotic spectrum index in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"40","author":"Lahart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.94","article-title":"Development and application of an antibiotic spectrum index for benchmarking antibiotic selection patterns across hospitals","volume":"38","author":"Gerber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Supplement_3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S175","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa394","article-title":"Core recommendations for antifungal stewardship: a statement of the mycoses study group education and research consortium","volume":"222","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["EClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537021000079?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537021000079?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T19:04:40Z","timestamp":1762887880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537021000079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["S2589537021000079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A global point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use in neonatal intensive care units: The no-more-antibiotics and resistance (NO-MAS-R) study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"EClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100727"}}