{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:37:25Z","timestamp":1790973445967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K006533\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K006533\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/L002515\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/L002515\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/136\/35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/35"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56ES023566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56ES023566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T09:44:38Z","timestamp":1634636678000},"page":"101166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Changing lung function and associated health-related quality-of-life: A five-year cohort study of Malawian adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-8698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin W.","family":"Njoroge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Mjojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Chirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Rylance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Nightingale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Mortimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Burney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Balmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Rylance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Obasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis W.","family":"Niessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Devereux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30293-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015","volume":"5","author":"Soriano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00458-X","article-title":"Improving lung health in low-income and middle-income countries: from challenges to solutions","volume":"397","author":"Meghji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242226","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Chikwawa lung health cohort; a population-based observational non-communicable respiratory disease study of adults in Malawi","volume":"15","author":"Njoroge","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.09.010434","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic respiratory symptoms in rural southwestern Uganda: a cross-sectional, population-based study","volume":"9","author":"North","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201509-1807OC","article-title":"Noncommunicable lung disease in Sub-Saharan Africa. A community-based cross-sectional study of adults in Urban Malawi","volume":"194","author":"Meghji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0006","first-page":"1405","article-title":"Restricted spirometry in the burden of lung disease study","volume":"16","author":"Mannino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1990OC","article-title":"Prevalence and population attributable risk for chronic airflow obstruction in a large multinational study","volume":"203","author":"Burney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2014.908834","article-title":"An estimate of the prevalence of COPD in Africa: a systematic analysis","volume":"12","author":"Adeloye","year":"2015","journal-title":"COPD J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0218PP","article-title":"Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report. GOLD executive summary","volume":"195","author":"Vogelmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0010","series-title":"Global strategy for asthma management and prevention","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0011","first-page":"971","article-title":"Chronic respiratory diseases in developing countries: the burden and strategies for prevention and management","volume":"79","author":"A\u00eft-Khaled","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201805-0936OC","article-title":"Noncommunicable respiratory disease and air pollution exposure in Malawi (CAPS)","volume":"199","author":"Nightingale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0013","series-title":"Malawi demographic and health survey 2015-16","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1081\/COPD-57610","article-title":"The burden of obstructive lung disease initiative (BOLD): rationale and design","volume":"2","author":"Buist","year":"2005","journal-title":"COPD J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213941","article-title":"Non-communicable respiratory disease and air pollution exposure in Malawi: a prospective cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Rylance","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E70","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1590ST","article-title":"Standardization of spirometry 2019 update an official American thoracic society and European respiratory society technical statement","volume":"200","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-008-9418-2","article-title":"The veterans RAND 12 item health survey (VR-12): what it is and how it is used","volume":"18","author":"Iqbal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","article-title":"A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity","author":"Ware","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000135827.18610.0d","article-title":"The Estimation of a Preference-Based Measure of Health From the SF-12","volume":"42","author":"Brazier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9866-y","article-title":"A preference-based measure of health: the VR-6D derived from the veterans RAND 12-item health survey","volume":"20","author":"Selim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2142162.031","article-title":"Patient health questionnaire-9 is a valid assessment for depression in minimally invasive lumbar discectomy","volume":"18","author":"Lynch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411532","article-title":"Lung-function trajectories leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"373","author":"Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204815","article-title":"The association between childhood asthma and adult chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"69","author":"Tai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201505-0870OC","article-title":"Outcomes of childhood asthma and wheezy bronchitis. A 50-year cohort study","volume":"193","author":"Tagiyeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00080312","article-title":"Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3\u201395-year age range: the global lung function 2012 equations","volume":"40","author":"Quanjer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.9.820","article-title":"Decline of FEV1 by age and smoking status: facts, figures, and fallacies","volume":"52","author":"Kerstjens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S438","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201602-112AW","article-title":"Lung development and aging","volume":"13","author":"Bush","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0028","first-page":"694","article-title":"Determinants of health related quality of life in a sample of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Nigeria using the St. George's respiratory questionnaire","volume":"13","author":"Obaseki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00621-2017","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of chronic bronchitis symptoms: results from the BOLD study","volume":"50","author":"Mejza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00221-y","article-title":"Obstructive lung disease and quality of life after cure of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis in Uganda: a cross-sectional study","volume":"48","author":"Nuwagira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.12.002","article-title":"Effect of psychological and other factors on quality of life amongst asthma outpatients in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"122","author":"Adeyeye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Post-tuberculosis health-related quality of life, lung function and exercise capacity in a cured pulmonary tuberculosis population in the Breede valley district, South Africa","volume":"75","author":"Hanekom","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Afr J Physiother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-4","article-title":"What is the relationship between the minimally important difference and health state utility values? The case of the SF-6D","volume":"1","author":"Walters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537021004466?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537021004466?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T19:08:01Z","timestamp":1762888081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537021004466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S2589537021004466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Changing lung function and associated health-related quality-of-life: A five-year cohort study of Malawian adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101166","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101166"}}