{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:10:29Z","timestamp":1790169029486,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID190126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID190126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID1903003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID1903003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005407","name":"Food and Health Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001839","name":"University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T11\\u2013712\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11\\u2013712\/19-N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID-19 1,903,003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID-19 1,903,003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T11:28:49Z","timestamp":1635593329000},"page":"101174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses after infection and estimates of the duration of protection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Eric HY","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4382-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David SC","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen TY","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9256-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai-Hung","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike YW","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan S","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel MS","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald LW","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John KC","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Chaothai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi H","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo LM","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malik","family":"Peiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066092","article-title":"Duration of humoral immunity to common viral and vaccine antigens","volume":"357","author":"Amanna","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1083-1","article-title":"Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting","author":"Edridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2011.560184","article-title":"Longitudinal profiles of immunoglobulin G antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus components and neutralizing activities in recovered patients","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2550-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls","volume":"584","author":"Le Bert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034545","article-title":"Antibody status and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care workers","volume":"384","author":"Lumley","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01230-y","article-title":"Looking beyond COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 trials","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108728","article-title":"Early induction of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associates with rapid viral clearance and mild disease in COVID-19 patients","volume":"34","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01479","article-title":"The hurdles from bench to bedside in the realization and implementation of a universal influenza vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Valkenburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02107","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02107-20","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection from SARS-CoV-2 in humans during a fishery vessel outbreak with high attack rate","volume":"58","author":"Addetia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Khoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0011","first-page":"767","article-title":"The role of serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in protection against challenge infection with influenza A2 and B viruses","volume":"70","author":"Hobson","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0012","article-title":"Immune correlates of protection by mRNA-1273 immunization against SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates","author":"Corbett","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2456-9","article-title":"Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals","volume":"584","author":"Robbiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21444-5","article-title":"Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Wheatley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.12.002","article-title":"Plasma cell development: from B-cell subsets to long-term survival niches","volume":"20","author":"Fairfax","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"issue":"6529","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf4063","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4063","article-title":"Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection","volume":"371","author":"Dan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03207-w","article-title":"Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"591","author":"Gaebler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20247-4","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody titres in SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"12","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.16.2000421","article-title":"Serological assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"25","author":"Perera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0631-z","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test based on antibody-mediated blockage of ACE2-spike protein-protein interaction","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02504","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02504-20","article-title":"Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test for detection of antibody in human, canine, cat, and hamster sera","volume":"59","author":"Perera","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03647-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00025-2","article-title":"Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody responses and duration of immunity: a longitudinal study","volume":"2","author":"Chia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00573-9","article-title":"Low serum neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody levels in mildly affected COVID-19 convalescent patients revealed by two different detection methods","volume":"18","author":"Bo\u0161njak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2703.204543","article-title":"Antibody responses 8 months after asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Choe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00575-4","article-title":"Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020: a population-level observational study","volume":"397","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.203833","article-title":"Serologic responses in healthy adult with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, Hong Kong, 2020","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027906","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates","volume":"383","author":"Walsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2103916","article-title":"Antibody persistence through 6 months after the second dose of mRNA-1273 vaccine for COVID-19","volume":"384","author":"Doria-Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1940305","article-title":"Serosurvey in BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies against authentic B.1, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.525 and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"10","author":"Zani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.020","article-title":"GR. Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B1.617 by vaccine and convalescent serum","volume":"184","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0032","article-title":"Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth to SARS-CoV-2 after one year","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03653-6","article-title":"BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans","author":"Sahin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537021004545?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537021004545?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T03:54:17Z","timestamp":1778903657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537021004545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S2589537021004545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses after infection and estimates of the duration of protection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101174","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101174"}}