{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T09:52:30Z","timestamp":1776851550502,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T19:21:35Z","timestamp":1638386495000},"page":"101212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Disentangling post-vaccination symptoms from early COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Liane S.","family":"Canas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc F.","family":"\u00d6sterdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Somesh","family":"Selvachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Polidori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7773-8140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Molteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Kerfoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Klaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hammers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Ourselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Steves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carole H.","family":"Sudre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Modat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0001","year":"2020","journal-title":"COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0002","year":"2021","journal-title":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0003","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Assessment Report Authorisation for Temporary Supply COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine BNT162b2 (BNT162b2 RNA) concentrate for solution for injection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31604-4","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1\/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"396","author":"Folegatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32466-1","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"396","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0007","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Assessment Report Authorisation for Temporary Supply COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca, solution for injection in multidose container COVID-19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) AstraZeneca AB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0009","article-title":"Public Assessment Report National Procedure COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna","year":"2021","journal-title":"0.20 mg\/mL dispersion for injection (COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine [nucleoside modified])"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101544","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Sadoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0011","volume":"8","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0012","article-title":"Department of Health and Social Care Press Release: First people to receive Oxford University","year":"2021","journal-title":"DHSC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0013","article-title":"Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK - Cases by specimen date","year":"2021","journal-title":"GOV UK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc0473","article-title":"Rapid implementation of mobile technology for real-time epidemiology of COVID-19","volume":"368","author":"Drew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0916-2","article-title":"Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Menni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00224-3","article-title":"Vaccine side-effects and SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in users of the COVID Symptom Study app in the UK: a prospective observational study","author":"Menni","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0017","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coronavirus vaccine - weekly summary of Yellow Card reporting"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104882","article-title":"Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination","author":"Schultz","year":"2021","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104840","article-title":"Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0020","article-title":"Signs and symptoms to determine if a patient presenting in primary care or hospital outpatient settings has COVID-19 disease","volume":"7","author":"Struyf","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Cochrane database of systematic reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e587","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00131-X","article-title":"Early detection of COVID-19 in the UK using self-reported symptoms: a large-scale, prospective, epidemiological surveillance study","volume":"3","author":"Canas","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Digital Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dynamics of Humoral Immunity Post COVID Vaccination \u2013 A Case Report","volume":"3","author":"Brooks Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rev & Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0023","article-title":"Testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies","volume":"370","author":"Watson","year":"2020","journal-title":"The BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0024","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coronavirus (COVID-19)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.08.007","article-title":"Estimates of serial interval for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Rai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical epidemiology and global health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039652","article-title":"Incubation period of COVID-19: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of observational research","volume":"10","author":"McAloon","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0027","article-title":"Anosmia and other SARS-CoV-2 positive test-associated symptoms, across three national, digital surveillance platforms as the COVID-19 pandemic and response unfolded: an observation study","author":"Sudre","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0028","series-title":"Learning from Imbalanced Data Sets","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3414","article-title":"Points of Significance: Sampling distributions and the bootstrap","volume":"12","author":"Kulesa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4306","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6276","article-title":"The use of bootstrapping when using propensity-score matching without replacement: a simulation study","volume":"33","author":"Austin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Statistics in medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0031","article-title":"Post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection: risk factors and illness profile in a prospective, observational community-based case-control study","author":"Antonelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0032","author":"Bishop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0033","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowledge barriers in the symptomatic-COVID-19 testing programme in the UK: an observational study"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0034","year":"2021","journal-title":"What to expect after your COVID-19 vaccination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.10.011","article-title":"Estimates of the rate of infection and asymptomatic COVID-19 disease in a population sample from SE England","volume":"81","author":"Wells","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0036","article-title":"Public Health England","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Book. In: COVID-19-SARS-CoV-2 Notifiable"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa512","article-title":"Control of a Nosocomial Outbreak of COVID-19 in a University Hospital","volume":"7","author":"Harada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.07.013","article-title":"Nosocomial COVID-19 infection: examining the risk of mortality. The COPE-Nosocomial Study (COVID in Older PEople)","volume":"106","author":"Carter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31484-7","article-title":"Pandemic peak SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroconversion rates in London frontline health-care workers","volume":"396","author":"Houlihan","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0040","first-page":"E137","article-title":"The safety of anaesthetists and intensivists during the first COVID-19 surge supports extension of use of airborne protection PPE to ward staff","volume":"21","author":"Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Medicine, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00790-X","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study","volume":"397","author":"Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7152","article-title":"Association Between Vaccination With BNT162b2 and Incidence of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Health Care Workers","author":"Angel","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00947-8","article-title":"Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data","volume":"397","author":"Haas","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0044","article-title":"BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination did not prevent an outbreak of SARS COV-2 variant 501Y.V2 in an elderly nursing home but reduced transmission and disease severity","author":"Bailly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.05.021","article-title":"The initial impact of a national BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine rollout","volume":"108","author":"Zaqout","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00048494","article-title":"The impact of culture on the cognitive structure of illness","volume":"4","author":"Angel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.06.014","article-title":"Change in Human Social Behavior in Response to a Common Vaccine","volume":"20","author":"Reiber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02879925","article-title":"Risk compensation and vaccination: Can getting vaccinated cause people to engage in risky behaviors?","volume":"34","author":"Brewer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101011","article-title":"Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care lateral flow antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2 with RT-PCR in primary care (REAP-2)","volume":"38","author":"Leber","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.104878","article-title":"Accuracy of COVID-19 rapid antigenic tests compared to RT-PCR in a student population: The StudyCov study","volume":"141","author":"Fert\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537021004934?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537021004934?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T19:09:27Z","timestamp":1762888167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537021004934"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S2589537021004934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.07.21.21260906","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Disentangling post-vaccination symptoms from early COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101212","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101212"}}