{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T04:57:30Z","timestamp":1794373050634,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011913","name":"Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KSVGH111-113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSVGH111-113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T05:16:22Z","timestamp":1673327782000},"page":"101783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":307,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: a\u00a0retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1016-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renin","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Yen-Ting Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3407-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiow-Ing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Min","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Chung James","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.012","article-title":"Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity","volume":"95","author":"Rojas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00626-z","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms breaking immune tolerance in inborn errors of immunity","volume":"18","author":"Sogkas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2019.1614904","article-title":"The role of viral infections in the development of autoimmune diseases","volume":"45","author":"Hussein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1092","article-title":"Increased incidence of pediatric type 1 diabetes with novel association with coxsackievirus A species in young children but declined incidence in adolescents in Taiwan","volume":"44","author":"Shih","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1977-9","article-title":"Respiratory viral infections and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"21","author":"Joo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.587380","article-title":"Epstein-barr virus and systemic autoimmune diseases","volume":"11","author":"Houen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00557-9","article-title":"Unique immunological profile in patients with COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Varchetta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00814-z","article-title":"Extrafollicular B cell responses correlate with neutralizing antibodies and morbidity in COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Woodruff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102592","article-title":"The JANUS of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases onset during COVID-19 - a systematic review of the literature","volume":"117","author":"Novelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"issue":"10239","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31103-X","article-title":"An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Verdoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14294","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with erythema multiforme-like eruption following COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Salah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009191","article-title":"Guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"382","author":"Toscano","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14409","article-title":"Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and myopathy in patients post-COVID-19 infection","volume":"25","author":"Saif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib15","first-page":"9695","article-title":"The first case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) triggered by COVID-19 infection","volume":"24","author":"Bonometti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15592","article-title":"A\u00a0concomitant diagnosis of COVID-19 infection and systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by a macrophage activation syndrome: a new case report","volume":"60","author":"Hali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib17","article-title":"Transient monoarthritis and psoriatic skin lesions following COVID-19","author":"De Stefano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00084-5","article-title":"6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records","volume":"8","author":"Taquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41619","article-title":"COVID-19 outcomes in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases compared to the general population: a US multicenter, comparative cohort study","volume":"73","author":"D'Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib20","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in COVID-19 survivors among non-vaccinated population: a retrospective cohort study from the TriNetX US collaborative networks","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13443","article-title":"New-onset autoimmune phenomena post-COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"165","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14238","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination can occasionally trigger autoimmune phenomena, probably via inducing age-associated B cells","volume":"25","author":"Sachinidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab012","article-title":"The role of C-reactive protein as a prognostic marker in COVID-19","volume":"50","author":"Stringer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12705","article-title":"Indication bias or protopathic bias?","volume":"80","author":"Faillie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7866","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03631-y","article-title":"Diverse functional autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19","volume":"595","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.12.001","article-title":"Criteria for use of composite end points for competing risks-a systematic survey of the literature with recommendations","volume":"82","author":"Manja","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001885","article-title":"The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement","volume":"12","author":"Benchimol","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020260","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus and autoimmune diseases: where are we?","volume":"13","author":"Gugliesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500484708","article-title":"Viruses and autoimmunity","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12091","article-title":"Virus infection, antiviral immunity, and autoimmunity","volume":"255","author":"Getts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.80-94.2006","article-title":"Molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or viral persistence: infections and autoimmune disease","volume":"19","author":"Fujinami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14077","article-title":"Autoantibodies in severe COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: just innocent bystanders?","volume":"24","author":"Umbrello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110345","article-title":"The triggering of post-COVID-19 autoimmunity phenomena could be associated with both transient immunosuppression and an inappropriate form of immune reconstitution in susceptible individuals","volume":"145","author":"Ca\u00f1as","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.7211.2021230","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 syndrome: epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and pathogenic mechanisms involved","volume":"72","author":"Carod-Artal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2022.2085561","article-title":"Is post-COVID syndrome an autoimmune disease?","volume":"18","author":"Anaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0039-z","article-title":"The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in rheumatic diseases","volume":"14","author":"Apel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00870","article-title":"Neutrophilia and NETopathy as key pathologic drivers of progressive lung impairment in patients with COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Narasaraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01392","article-title":"Microbes and viruses are bugging the gut in celiac disease. Are they friends or foes?","volume":"8","author":"Lerner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080762","article-title":"Viruses and autoimmunity: a review on the potential interaction and molecular mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Smatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep1004","article-title":"Infections and IBD","volume":"5","author":"Irving","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16814","article-title":"Letter: association between COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16730","article-title":"Incidence, outcomes, and impact of COVID-19 on inflammatory bowel disease: propensity matched research network analysis","volume":"55","author":"Hadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2019.80.9.530","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00266","article-title":"The role of type 1 interferon in systemic sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000505","article-title":"Autoimmune manifestations of infections","volume":"30","author":"Jara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.686699","article-title":"Case report: systemic sclerosis after covid-19 infection","volume":"12","author":"Fineschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57278","article-title":"Potential harmful effects of discontinuing ACE-inhibitors and ARBs in COVID-19 patients","volume":"9","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3767-6","article-title":"Ethnicity and disease severity in ankylosing spondylitis a cross-sectional analysis of three ethnic groups","volume":"36","author":"Jamalyaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.11.001","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: diagnosis and clinical management","volume":"96","author":"Fava","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib51","article-title":"Evaluation of 10 SLE susceptibility loci in Asian populations, which were initially identified in European populations","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001088","article-title":"Test-negative designs: differences and commonalities with other case-control studies with \"other patient\" controls","volume":"30","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537022005120?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537022005120?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T22:16:08Z","timestamp":1762899368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537022005120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S2589537022005120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: a\u00a0retrospective cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101783"}}