{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:30:32Z","timestamp":1786987832585,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008108","name":"Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCRD-TPE-111-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD-TPE-111-27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T22:06:58Z","timestamp":1671919618000},"page":"101787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of opioids administered via intravenous or epidural patient-controlled analgesia after caesarean section: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Chun-Yu","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Kang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chang","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping-Cheng","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Min","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung-Jiun","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8773-1847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5062-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31928-7","article-title":"Global epidemiology of use of and disparities in caesarean sections","volume":"392","author":"Boerma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000167774.36833.99","article-title":"Patient preferences for anesthesia outcomes associated with cesarean delivery","volume":"101","author":"Carvalho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib3","first-page":"607","article-title":"Acute postoperative pain is correlated with the early onset of postpartum depression after cesarean section: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01921","article-title":"Mother-infant skin-to-skin contact: short- and long-term effects for mothers and their children born full-term","volume":"11","author":"Bigelow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib5","first-page":"CD003519","article-title":"Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants","volume":"11","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0000000000000241","article-title":"Best Practices in management of postpartum pain","volume":"31","author":"Fahey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib7","first-page":"1166","article-title":"The effect of postoperative analgesia with continuous epidural bupivacaine after cesarean section on the amount of breast feeding and infant weight gain","volume":"82","author":"Hirose","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2016.09.010","article-title":"Optimal pain management after cesarean delivery","volume":"35","author":"Sutton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib9","first-page":"CD003348","article-title":"Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus conventional opioid analgesia for postoperative pain","author":"Hudcova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib10","first-page":"CD010434","article-title":"Epidural analgesia versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for pain following intra-abdominal surgery in adults","volume":"8","author":"Salicath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/74.2.184","article-title":"Extradural fentanyl for postoperative analgesia: predominant spinal or systemic action?","volume":"74","author":"Cooper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200203000-00036","article-title":"The primary action of epidural fentanyl after cesarean delivery is via a spinal mechanism","volume":"94","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib13","first-page":"90","article-title":"Patient-controlled analgesia after cesarean delivery: epidural sufentanil versus intravenous morphine","volume":"19","author":"Grass","year":"1994","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0891","article-title":"The accuracy of Google translate for abstracting data from non-English-language trials for systematic reviews","volume":"171","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib17","author":"Rohatgi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2020.110065","article-title":"Attenuation of the increase in intraocular pressure with dexmedetomidine: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis","volume":"68","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445516673998","article-title":"Intercoder reliability and validity of WebPlotDigitizer in extracting graphed data","volume":"41","author":"Drevon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","article-title":"Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib21","series-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021)","author":"Higgins","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20001130)19:22<3127::AID-SIM784>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"A\u00a0simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Chinn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1501500403","article-title":"Network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"STATA J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016","article-title":"Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial","volume":"64","author":"Salanti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X21999023","article-title":"Using normalized entropy to measure uncertainty of rankings for network meta-analyses","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076654","article-title":"Graphical tools for network meta-analysis in STATA","volume":"8","author":"Chaimani","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1044","article-title":"Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies","volume":"3","author":"Higgins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3767","article-title":"Checking consistency in mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Dias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.10.005","article-title":"Advances in the GRADE approach to rate the certainty in estimates from a network meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Brignardello-Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g5630","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5630","article-title":"A\u00a0GRADE Working Group approach for rating the quality of treatment effect estimates from network meta-analysis","volume":"349","author":"Puhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9602400108","article-title":"Patient-controlled epidural analgesia following caesarean delivery: a comparison of pethidine and fentanyl","volume":"24","author":"Goh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9702500203","article-title":"Comparison of patient-controlled epidural analgesia with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia using pethidine or fentanyl","volume":"25","author":"Ngan Kee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199406000-00014","article-title":"Meperidine for patient-controlled analgesia after cesarean section. Intravenous versus epidural administration","volume":"80","author":"Paech","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib34","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Comparison of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with sufentanil versus tramadol in post-cesarean section pain management and lactation after general anesthesia - a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Chi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.94428","article-title":"Patient-controlled versus nurse-controlled post-operative analgesia after caesarean section","volume":"1","author":"Ebneshahidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03010570","article-title":"Patient-controlled analgesia following caesarean section under general anaesthesia: a comparison of fentanyl with morphine","volume":"42","author":"Howell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.1999.36.2.256","article-title":"The analgesic and hemostatic effects of diclofenac as adjuvant of intravenous opioid using PCA after cesarean section","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib38","first-page":"257","article-title":"A\u00a0comparative effect of meperidine between intravenous and epidural patient-controlled analgesia for the postoperative pain relief after cesarean section","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.1997.33.3.510","article-title":"Morphine and meperidine analgesic effect using intravenous PCA of intramuscular diclofenac after cesarean section","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib40","first-page":"739","article-title":"The effectivity of fentanyl versus tramadol as intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after cesarean section","volume":"19","author":"Saracoglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199303000-00012","article-title":"Postcesarean delivery epidural patient-controlled analgesia. Fentanyl or sufentanil?","volume":"78","author":"Cohen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199211000-00017","article-title":"Adverse effects of epidural 0.03% bupivacaine during analgesia after cesarean section","volume":"75","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199202000-00009","article-title":"Epidural patient-controlled analgesia after cesarean section: buprenorphine-0.015% bupivacaine with epinephrine versus fentanyl-0.015% bupivacaine with and without epinephrine","volume":"74","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199208000-00016","article-title":"Epidural patient-controlled analgesia: an alternative to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for pain relief after cesarean delivery","volume":"75","author":"Parker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198910000-00005","article-title":"An evaluation of morphine and oxymorphone administered via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) or PCA plus basal infusion in postcesarean-delivery patients","volume":"71","author":"Sinatra","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198904000-00005","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of morphine, meperidine, and oxymorphone as utilized in patient-controlled analgesia following cesarean delivery","volume":"70","author":"Sinatra","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/82.3.366","article-title":"Patient-controlled analgesia: epidural fentanyl and i.v. morphine compared after caesarean section","volume":"82","author":"Cooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3801(99)90047-2","article-title":"Patient-controlled extradural analgesia after caesarean section: a comparison between tramadol, sufentanil and a mixture of both","volume":"3","author":"Vercauteren","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib49","article-title":"A\u00a0patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with tramadol ameliorates postpartum depression in high-risk woman after cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-289X(97)80004-0","article-title":"Patient-controlled analgesia following caesarean section: a comparison of morphine and meptazinol","volume":"6","author":"James","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463720911986","article-title":"Basic opioid pharmacology - an update","volume":"14","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000081793.60059.10","article-title":"The site of action of epidural fentanyl in humans: the difference between infusion and bolus administration","volume":"97","author":"Ginosar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200411000-00018","article-title":"Selective postsynaptic inhibition of tonic-firing neurons in substantia gelatinosa by mu-opioid agonist","volume":"101","author":"Santos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.09.074","article-title":"Opioid induced nausea and vomiting","volume":"722","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003844","article-title":"Evaluation of therapies for peripheral and neuraxial opioid-induced pruritus based on molecular and cellular discoveries","volume":"135","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50613-2","article-title":"Electrocortical changes associating sedation and respiratory depression by the opioid analgesic fentanyl","volume":"9","author":"Montandon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200404000-00027","article-title":"Meperidine suppresses the excitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons","volume":"100","author":"Wolff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Breastfeeding after anesthesia: a review for anesthesia providers regarding the transfer of medications into breast milk","volume":"1","author":"Cobb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Perioper Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12331","article-title":"Safety of the breast-feeding infant after maternal anesthesia","volume":"24","author":"Dalal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib60","series-title":"Principles of analgesic use","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.04.012","article-title":"Guidelines for postoperative care in cesarean delivery: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) Society recommendations (part 3)","volume":"221","author":"Macones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15339","article-title":"PROSPECT guideline for elective caesarean section: updated systematic review and procedure-specific postoperative pain management recommendations","volume":"76","author":"Roofthooft","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001255","article-title":"The effect of intrathecal morphine dose on outcomes after elective cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Sultan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.03.003","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of epidural morphine compared to parenteral opioids after elective caesarean section: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Bonnet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeg249","article-title":"Epidural versus intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia after Caesarean section","volume":"91","author":"Duale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0903700418","article-title":"Analgesia after caesarean delivery","volume":"37","author":"McDonnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e796","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1985","article-title":"The transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: an update on selected topics","volume":"132","author":"Sachs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537022005168?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537022005168?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T22:16:34Z","timestamp":1762899394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537022005168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["S2589537022005168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of opioids administered via intravenous or epidural patient-controlled analgesia after caesarean section: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101787","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101787"}}