{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:11:41Z","timestamp":1793923901932,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1158136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1158136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T06:20:33Z","timestamp":1675664433000},"page":"101848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Global antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of pharmaceutical sales data from 71 countries, 2020\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Arindam","family":"Nandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Pecetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S234610","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: implications and costs","volume":"12","author":"Dadgostar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-13","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance","volume":"14","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2016.1151353","article-title":"How can we improve antibiotic prescribing in primary care?","volume":"14","author":"Dyar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1951705","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: current status and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Sulis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.604986","article-title":"High prevalence of multidrug-resistant clostridioides difficile following extensive use of antimicrobials in hospitalized patients in Kenya","volume":"10","author":"Mutai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz348","article-title":"Impact of national interventions to promote responsible antibiotic use: a systematic review","volume":"75","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098614554919","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem","volume":"5","author":"Llor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","article-title":"Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015","volume":"115","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30332-7","article-title":"Assessment of WHO antibiotic consumption and access targets in 76 countries, 2000\u201315: an analysis of pharmaceutical sales data","volume":"21","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.018","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Langford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab236","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab236","article-title":"Trends in antibiotic use in United States hospitals during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e354","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00090-2","article-title":"Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first pandemic wave from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study: a multicentre, prospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Russell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1839672","article-title":"Few bacterial co-infections but frequent empiric antibiotic use in the early phase of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: results from a multicentre retrospective cohort study in The Netherlands","volume":"53","author":"Karami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.946077","article-title":"Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on antibiotic consumption: a systematic review comparing 2019 and 2020 data","volume":"10","author":"Fukushige","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272375","article-title":"Prevalence of bacterial coinfection and patterns of antibiotics prescribing in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Alshaikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib17","series-title":"COVID-19: U.S. Impact on antimicrobial resistance, special report 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7129a1","article-title":"Influenza activity and composition of the 2022\u201323 influenza vaccine \u2014 United States, 2021\u201322 season","volume":"71","author":"Merced-Morales","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib19","series-title":"Upcoming 2020-2021 influenza season","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.14131","article-title":"Influenza's unprecedented low profile during COVID-19 pandemic leaves experts wondering what this flu season has in store","volume":"326","author":"Rubin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib21","article-title":"The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza-related hospitalization, intensive care admission and mortality in children in Canada: a population-based study","volume":"7","author":"Groves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114762","article-title":"The effects of India's COVID-19 lockdown on critical non-COVID health care and outcomes: evidence from dialysis patients","volume":"296","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib23","article-title":"Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on non-COVID-19 emergency department visits in Eastern France: reduced risk or avoidance behavior?","volume":"2","author":"Wartelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Pract (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259317","article-title":"Self-medication practices to prevent or manage COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Quincho-Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003682","article-title":"Sales of antibiotics and hydroxychloroquine in India during the COVID-19 epidemic: an interrupted time series analysis","volume":"18","author":"Sulis","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30485-3","article-title":"Off-season RSV epidemics in Australia after easing of COVID-19 restrictions","volume":"13","author":"Eden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00764-7","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic \u2014 what next?","volume":"22","author":"Mosscrop","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.46175","article-title":"Prevalence of common infectious diseases after COVID-19 vaccination and easing of pandemic restrictions in Israel","volume":"5","author":"Amar","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00512-X","article-title":"Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on routine immunisation services: evidence of disruption and recovery from 170 countries and territories","volume":"10","author":"Shet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30308-9","article-title":"Routine childhood immunisation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: a benefit\u2013risk analysis of health benefits versus excess risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"8","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01337-4","article-title":"Estimating global and regional disruptions to routine childhood vaccine coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: a modelling study","volume":"398","author":"Causey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib32","article-title":"The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunization coverage and timeliness in India: retrospective analysis of the National Family Health Survey of 2019\u20132021 data","volume":"8","author":"Summan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib34","author":"Ritchie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e370","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00434-0","article-title":"The Johns Hopkins university center for systems science and engineering COVID-19 dashboard: data collection process, challenges faced, and lessons learned","volume":"22","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib37","series-title":"Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis509","article-title":"Seasonality and temporal correlation between community antibiotic use and resistance in the United States","volume":"55","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00344-w","article-title":"The use of antibiotics in COVID-19 management: a rapid review of national treatment guidelines in 10 African countries","volume":"49","author":"Adebisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2238-4","article-title":"Childhood vaccines and antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"581","author":"Lewnard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa575","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa575","article-title":"Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on outpatient antibiotic prescriptions in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Buehrle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.26114","article-title":"Trends in outpatient antibiotic prescriptions in the United States during the\u00a0COVID-19 pandemic in 2020","volume":"4","author":"Buehrle","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.10.013","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on community antibiotic use in Canada: an ecological study","volume":"28","author":"Knight","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa223","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa223","article-title":"The impact of influenza vaccination on antibiotic use in the United States, 2010\u20132017","volume":"7","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib45","series-title":"IMF annual report 2020\u2013a Year like No other","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.10.015","article-title":"Unnecessary antibiotic treatment of children hospitalised with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis: risk factors and prescription patterns","volume":"27","author":"Obolski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib47","first-page":"220","article-title":"Implications of COVID-19 pandemic on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance: adjusting the response to future outbreaks","volume":"11","author":"Rusic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106324","article-title":"Increased antimicrobial resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"57","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1983","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1983","article-title":"How covid-19 is accelerating the threat of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"369","author":"Hsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO736","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2021-0012","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic: a threat to antimicrobial resistance containment","volume":"7","author":"Founou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe6522","article-title":"Immunological characteristics govern the transition of COVID-19 to endemicity","volume":"371","author":"Lavine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib52","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2103272118","article-title":"Estimating SARS-CoV-2 infections from deaths, confirmed cases, tests, and random surveys","volume":"118","author":"Irons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.05.015","article-title":"Evaluating the massive underreporting and undertesting of COVID-19 cases in multiple global epicenters","volume":"27","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulmonology"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537023000251?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537023000251?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T22:20:08Z","timestamp":1762899608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537023000251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S2589537023000251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Global antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of pharmaceutical sales data from 71 countries, 2020\u20132022","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101848"}}