{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:48:59Z","timestamp":1791251339516,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T07:21:39Z","timestamp":1679296899000},"page":"101910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"special_numbering":"C","title":["SLiM CRAB criteria revisited: temporal trends in prognosis of patients with smoldering multiple myeloma who meet the definition of \u2018biomarker-defined early multiple myeloma\u2019\u2014a systematic review with meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Heinz","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kainz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schreder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Zojer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Hinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198006123022405","article-title":"Smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"302","author":"Kyle","year":"1980","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-08-108357","article-title":"Immunoglobulin free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma","volume":"111","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07929.x","article-title":"Risk of progression in smouldering myeloma and monoclonal gammopathies of unknown significance: comparative analysis of the evolution of monoclonal component and multiparameter flow cytometry of bone marrow plasma cells","volume":"148","author":"P\u00e9rez-Persona","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.48.4923","article-title":"Progression in smoldering myeloma is independently determined by the chromosomal abnormalities del(17p), t(4;14), gain 1q, hyperdiploidy, and tumor load","volume":"31","author":"Neben","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2015.124651","article-title":"Four genes predict high risk of progression from smoldering to symptomatic multiple myeloma (SWOG S0120)","volume":"100","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.237","article-title":"High levels of peripheral blood circulating plasma cells as a specific risk factor for progression of smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Bianchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04654.x","article-title":"Smoldering multiple myeloma: natural history and recognition of an evolving type","volume":"123","author":"Rosi\u00f1ol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-020-00366-3","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group risk stratification model for smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM)","volume":"10","author":"Mateos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-018-0077-4","article-title":"Risk stratification of smoldering multiple myeloma incorporating revised IMWG diagnostic criteria","volume":"8","author":"Lakshman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1106428","article-title":"Diagnosis of smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"365","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.309","article-title":"Extensive bone marrow infiltration and abnormal free light chain ratio identifies patients with asymptomatic myeloma at high risk for progression to symptomatic disease","volume":"27","author":"Kastritis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.296","article-title":"Serum free light chain ratio as a biomarker for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Larsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.25.5356","article-title":"Prognostic significance of focal lesions in whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Hillengass","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.230","article-title":"The prognostic importance of the presence of more than one focal lesion in spine MRI of patients with asymptomatic (smoldering) multiple myeloma","volume":"28","author":"Kastritis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.75","article-title":"Predictive value of longitudinal whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"28","author":"Merz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-9","article-title":"Enhanced secondary analysis of survival data: reconstructing the data from published Kaplan\u2013Meier survival curves","volume":"12","author":"Guyot","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib19","series-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib20","series-title":"Identifying and quantifying heterogeneity. Introduction to meta-analysis","first-page":"107","author":"Borenstein","year":"2009"},{"issue":"S3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib21","first-page":"S177","article-title":"Evaluating serum free light chain ratios as a biomarker for multiple myeloma","volume":"6","author":"Akhlaghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haemasphere"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2018-1369","article-title":"Prognostic value of involved\/uninvolved free light chain ratio determined by Freelite and N Latex FLC assays for identification of high-risk smoldering myeloma patients","volume":"57","author":"Henriot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12728","article-title":"Smoldering multiple myeloma risk factors for progression: a Danish population-based cohort study","volume":"97","author":"S\u00f8rrig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01529-w","article-title":"Monoclonal proteinuria predicts progression risk in asymptomatic multiple myeloma with a free light chain ratio \u2265100","volume":"36","author":"Visram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018016998","article-title":"Risk stratification of smoldering multiple myeloma: predictive value of free light chains and group-based trajectory modeling","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5544","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27657","article-title":"Prognostic factors associated with progression of smoldering multiple myeloma to symptomatic form","volume":"118","author":"Rago","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.05.041","article-title":"Survival in smouldering myeloma and symptomatic myeloma: is there an emerging Will Rogers phenomenon?","volume":"172","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-07-515239","article-title":"Clinical, genomic, and imaging predictors of myeloma progression from asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies (SWOG S0120)","volume":"123","author":"Dhodapkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1594","article-title":"Circulating tumor and immune cells for minimally invasive risk stratification of smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"28","author":"Termini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.00437","article-title":"Genomic profiling of smoldering multiple myeloma identifies patients at a high risk of disease progression","volume":"38","author":"Bustoros","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22140-0","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing reveals progressive vs. stable myeloma precursor conditions as two distinct entities","volume":"12","author":"Oben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5873","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022007217","article-title":"Characterizing the role of the immune microenvironment in multiple myeloma progression at a single cell level","volume":"6","author":"Schinke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00719-0","article-title":"Smoldering multiple myeloma current treatment algorithms","volume":"12","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.166","article-title":"A\u00a0multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotypic algorithm for the identification of newly diagnosed symptomatic myeloma with an MGUS-like signature and long-term disease control","volume":"27","author":"Paiva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910_bib36","first-page":"1","article-title":"When a monoclonal gammopathy is not multiple myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Derman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537023000871?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537023000871?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T22:17:34Z","timestamp":1762899454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537023000871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S2589537023000871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"SLiM CRAB criteria revisited: temporal trends in prognosis of patients with smoldering multiple myeloma who meet the definition of \u2018biomarker-defined early multiple myeloma\u2019\u2014a systematic review with meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101910","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101910"}}