{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T02:30:42Z","timestamp":1794537042602,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFA1800801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFA1800801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82370577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T08:54:25Z","timestamp":1727168065000},"page":"102848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":258,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Burden of disease attributable to high body mass index: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Dong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin-Fen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2341-3310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wah","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Zuluaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Targher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6322-7753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos S.","family":"Katsouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1883-7146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Thaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Ataya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo J.","family":"Oviedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Pik-Shan Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Alswat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9886-0698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amedeo","family":"Lonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Jun","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4607-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Abu-Abeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazem","family":"Al Momani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0001-9070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Alejandro","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Szepietowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nozim Adxamovich","family":"Jumaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8314-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Celal","family":"K\u0131z\u0131lkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavio","family":"Viveiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4664-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Jesus","family":"Toro-Huamanchumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0598-0995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth Yuh","family":"Yen Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oral","family":"Ospanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Imran","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew Gerard","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7989-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser","family":"Fouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos S.","family":"Mantzoros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5257-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahum","family":"M\u00e9ndez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Sookoian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9105-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wah-Kheong","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sombat","family":"Treeprasertsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ponsiano","family":"Ocama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilanka","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ala I.","family":"Sharara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2741-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Said A.","family":"Al-Busafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Kenneth","family":"Opio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle Ching","family":"Lim-Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ruiz-\u00dacar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Casajoana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamer N.","family":"Abdelbaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4984-2631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Hua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002571","article-title":"Clinical, socioeconomic, and behavioural factors at age 50 years and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and mortality: a cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Singh-Manoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1474-7","article-title":"Lifestyle factors and risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: a multinational cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Freisling","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10543-8","article-title":"An international multidisciplinary consensus statement on MAFLD and the risk of CVD","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"10352","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01438-6","article-title":"The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"400","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28248-1","article-title":"A\u00a0population-based cohort study of obesity, ethnicity and COVID-19 mortality in 12.6 million adults in England","volume":"13","author":"Yates","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10440","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.15051","article-title":"Body roundness index and all-cause mortality among US adults","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae273","article-title":"Obesity, inflammation, and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a multicenter prospective cohort study","author":"Hutten","year":"2024","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051936","article-title":"Association of body mass index and age with morbidity and mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: results from the American heart association COVID-19 cardiovascular disease registry","volume":"143","author":"Hendren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)01200-9","article-title":"Is obesity a risk factor for cirrhosis-related death or hospitalization? A population-based cohort study","volume":"125","author":"Ioannou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12672","article-title":"Impact of anthropometric cut-off values in determining the prevalence of metabolic alterations","volume":"46","author":"Almeda-Valdes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.155999","article-title":"Global burden of metabolic diseases, 1990-2021","volume":"160","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2009.00708.x","article-title":"Direct medical cost of overweight and obesity in the USA: a quantitative systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.p523","article-title":"Global cost of overweight and obesity will hit $4.32tn a year by 2035, report warns","volume":"380","author":"Mahase","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00098-6","article-title":"Sex, race, and BMI in clinical trials of medications for obesity over the past three decades: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Alsaqaaby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003198","article-title":"The global burden of disease attributable to high body mass index in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"17","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"10440","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.01.016","article-title":"Diabetes, obesity, metabolism, and SARS-CoV-2 infection: the end of the beginning","volume":"33","author":"Drucker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101850","article-title":"Trends and predictions of malnutrition and obesity in 204 countries and territories: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"57","author":"Chong","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.0122","article-title":"Childhood overweight and obesity during and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"178","author":"F\u00e4ldt","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.0027","article-title":"Shifts in child health behaviors and obesity after COVID-19","volume":"178","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/50189","article-title":"Sex differences in clustering unhealthy lifestyles among survivors of COVID-19: latent class analysis","volume":"10","author":"Le","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"10440","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00769-4","article-title":"Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Murray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10440","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001221","article-title":"Implementation of obesity science into clinical practice: a scientific statement from the American heart association","volume":"150","author":"Laddu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13745","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of the effectiveness of attentional bias modification to support weight management in individuals who are overweight or obese","volume":"25","author":"Seage","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05322-4","article-title":"Current perspectives in obesity management: unraveling the impact of different therapy approach in real life obesity care","volume":"22","author":"Khorrami Chokami","year":"2024","journal-title":"J\u00a0Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-024-01587-6","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of screen time, physical activity, and sleep duration with body mass index in U.S. youth","volume":"21","author":"Zink","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib29","article-title":"Key lifestyles and health outcomes across 16 prevalent chronic diseases: a network analysis of an international observational study","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J\u00a0Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-016-0223-3","article-title":"Food systems transformations, ultra-processed food markets and the nutrition transition in Asia","volume":"12","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15239-0","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) based COVID-19 health impact assessment: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Gebeyehu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10440","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00476-8","article-title":"Life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950-2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1554","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0149","article-title":"Food consumption trends and drivers","volume":"365","author":"Kearney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e318","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30095-6","article-title":"Gaps between fruit and vegetable production, demand, and recommended consumption at global and national levels: an integrated modelling study","volume":"3","author":"Mason-D'Croz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.008","article-title":"Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: an inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake","volume":"30","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23897","article-title":"Ultraprocessed, hyper-palatable, and high energy density foods: prevalence and distinction across 30 years in the United States","volume":"32","author":"Sutton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.04.020","article-title":"Associations between consumption of ultra-processed foods and intake of nutrients related to chronic non-communicable diseases in Mexico","volume":"119","author":"Marr\u00f3n-Ponce","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"10397","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and National burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-021-00439-9","article-title":"Adolescent and childhood obesity and excess morbidity and mortality in young adulthood-a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Horesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.14590","article-title":"Trends in obesity prevalence by race and hispanic origin-1999-2000 to 2017-2018","volume":"324","author":"Ogden","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10021","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00140-9","article-title":"Ending childhood obesity: a time for action","volume":"387","author":"Nishtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001990","article-title":"Pediatric preoperative assessment: six million missed opportunities for childhood obesity education","volume":"126","author":"Nafiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"itc65","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202405210","article-title":"Obesity","volume":"177","author":"Gilden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102343","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus\/obesity drugs: a neurodegenerative disorders savior or a bridge too far?","volume":"98","author":"Kopp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.09.005","article-title":"The epidemiology of obesity","volume":"92","author":"Chooi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e797","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00251-5","article-title":"The global and regional costs of healthy and sustainable dietary patterns: a modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Springmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585","article-title":"Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review","volume":"133","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10383","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00011-9","article-title":"Commercial determinants of health: future directions","volume":"401","author":"Friel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e461","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30158-0","article-title":"Why causality, and not prediction, should guide obesity prevention policy","volume":"3","author":"Chiolero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.0821","article-title":"An adaptive behavioral intervention for weight loss management: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"332","author":"Spring","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012004958","article-title":"Strengthening the rigour of population-wide, community-based obesity prevention evaluations","volume":"17","author":"Wolfenden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2017.08.012","article-title":"Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity","volume":"102","author":"Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9793","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60813-1","article-title":"The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments","volume":"378","author":"Swinburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9985","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61744-X","article-title":"Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking","volume":"385","author":"Roberto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib56","article-title":"Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 12 to 18 years old","volume":"5","author":"Spiga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e160","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000595","article-title":"Dietary diversity: implications for obesity prevention in adult populations: a science advisory from the American heart association","volume":"138","author":"de Oliveira Otto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.291013","article-title":"Outcomes of sugar reduction policies, United Kingdom of great Britain and northern Ireland","volume":"102","author":"Hashem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102958","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000}}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537024004279?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537024004279?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:57:01Z","timestamp":1732409821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537024004279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S2589537024004279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Burden of disease attributable to high body mass index: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102848"}}