{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T03:57:23Z","timestamp":1794023843063,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020412","name":"Humanitas Research Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T15:05:04Z","timestamp":1729263904000},"page":"102883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The global burden of enteric fever, 2017\u20132021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1414-6639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Piovani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisella","family":"Figlioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios K.","family":"Nikolopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6102-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos","family":"Bonovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020201","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"347","author":"Parry","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00480-z","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"9","author":"Meiring","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib4","series-title":"Background document: the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of typhoid fever","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e406","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00585-5","article-title":"Estimating the subnational prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A infections in 75 endemic countries, 1990-2019: a modelling study","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00627-7","article-title":"Estimating the effect of vaccination on antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever in 73 countries supported by Gavi: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"22","author":"Birger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e589","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00606-X","article-title":"Efficacy of typhoid vaccines against culture-confirmed salmonella typhi in typhoid endemic countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Batool","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib8","first-page":"153","article-title":"Typhoid vaccine: WHO position paper\u2014March 2018","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00346-6","article-title":"Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Nepal: final results of a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Shakya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine: final analysis of a 4-year, phase 3, randomised controlled trial in Malawian children","volume":"6736","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e535","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00055-X","article-title":"Typhoid conjugate vaccines: a step towards typhoid control","volume":"12","author":"Shakya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib15","series-title":"Global burden of disease and risk factors","article-title":"Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses for burden of disease and risk factor estimates","author":"Mathers","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib16","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00476-8","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib18","series-title":"Applied longitudinal analysis","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"Mogasale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1688","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00370-3","article-title":"Burden of enteric fever at three urban sites in Africa and Asia: a multicentre population-based study","volume":"9","author":"Meiring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e978","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00119-X","article-title":"Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: results of the surveillance for enteric fever in Asia project","volume":"10","author":"Garrett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00007-X","article-title":"Incidence of typhoid fever in Burkina Faso, democratic republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria (the severe typhoid in Africa programme): a population-based study","volume":"12","author":"Marks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy190","article-title":"Case fatality rate of enteric fever in endemic countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Pieters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7207a2","article-title":"Typhoid fever surveillance, incidence estimates, and progress toward typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction - worldwide, 2018-2022","volume":"72","author":"Hancuh","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008048","article-title":"Changes in historical typhoid transmission across 16 U.S. cities, 1889-1931: quantifying the impact of investments in water and sewer infrastructures","volume":"14","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S377","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz610","article-title":"Water and filth: reevaluating the first era of sanitary typhoid intervention (1840-1940)","volume":"69","author":"Vanderslott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1111","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and typhoid","volume":"68","author":"Dyson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix229","article-title":"An appraisal of the clinical features of pediatric enteric fever: systematic review and meta-analysis of the age-stratified disease occurrence","volume":"64","author":"Britto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S196","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1356","article-title":"Hospitalization of pediatric enteric fever cases, dhaka, Bangladesh, 2017-2019: incidence and risk factors","volume":"71","author":"Saha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib30","series-title":"Background document: the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of typhoid fever","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib31","article-title":"Systematic review of the global epidemiology, clinical and laboratory profile of enteric fever","volume":"5","author":"Azmatullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Glob Health"},{"issue":"72","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n437","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n437","article-title":"Enteric fever","volume":"3","author":"Basnyat","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.75.3.214","article-title":"Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever","volume":"75","author":"Bhutta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02350-4","article-title":"Long-term protection conferred by typhoid conjugate vaccines: a step towards typhoid elimination?","volume":"403","author":"Tadesse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S408","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz483","article-title":"Toward control? The prospects and challenges of typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction","volume":"69","author":"Carey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.07.003","article-title":"Parental acceptance of typhoid conjugate vaccine for children aged 6 months to 15 years in an outbreak setting of Lyari Town Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"41","author":"Batool","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12655","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the relationship between chronic Salmonella typhi carrier status and gall-bladder cancer","volume":"39","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537024004620?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537024004620?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T08:07:24Z","timestamp":1737792444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537024004620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S2589537024004620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The global burden of enteric fever, 2017\u20132021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102883"}}