{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T02:37:29Z","timestamp":1794278249855,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer&apos;s Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AARGD-23-114103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AARGD-23-114103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T13:23:22Z","timestamp":1763040202000},"page":"103633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of nicotinamide riboside on NAD+ levels, cognition, and symptom recovery in long-COVID: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Chao-Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Cody","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Abril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison J.","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Irizarry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leidys","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rosand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolph E.","family":"Tanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3076-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmarie","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43661-w","article-title":"True prevalence of long-COVID in a nationwide, population cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Hastie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102434","article-title":"Long COVID is associated with severe cognitive slowing: a multicentre cross-sectional study","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200097","article-title":"Deep phenotyping of neurologic postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"10","author":"Mina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12644","article-title":"Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Crivelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019","article-title":"Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.56152","article-title":"Association of post-COVID-19 condition symptoms and employment status","volume":"6","author":"Perlis","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1158455","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection dysregulates NAD metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Izadpanah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib10","article-title":"Clinical and CSF single-cell profiling of post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01113-x","article-title":"Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"23","author":"Phetsouphanh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00507-3","article-title":"Viral infection as an NAD+ battlefield","volume":"4","author":"Brenner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2015.1767","article-title":"NAD+ as the link between oxidative stress, inflammation, caloric restriction, exercise, DNA repair, longevity, and health span","volume":"19","author":"Poljsak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"issue":"6292","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2693","article-title":"NAD supplement repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice","volume":"352","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.02.001","article-title":"NAD(+) in COVID-19 and viral infections","volume":"43","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17986","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.015138","article-title":"Coronavirus and PARP Expression Dysregulate the NAD Metabolome: A Potentially Actionable Component of Innate Immunity","volume":"295","author":"Heer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14326","article-title":"Dysregulated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolome in patients hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"23","author":"Valderr\u00e1bano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4196","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174196","article-title":"Supplementation with nicotinamide riboside reduces brain inflammation and improves cognitive function in diabetic mice","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04335-w","article-title":"Nicotinamide riboside restores nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alleviates brain injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"62","author":"She","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1876","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718819115","article-title":"NAD+ supplementation normalizes key Alzheimer's features and DNA damage responses in a new AD mouse model with introduced DNA repair deficiency","volume":"115","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.043","article-title":"Nicotinamide riboside augments the aged human skeletal muscle NAD+ metabolome and induces transcriptomic and anti-inflammatory signatures","volume":"28","author":"Elhassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa072","article-title":"Nicotinamide riboside supplementation alters body composition and skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine concentrations in healthy obese humans","volume":"112","author":"Remie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.02.001","article-title":"The NADPARK study: a randomized phase I trial of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"34","author":"Brakedal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib24","first-page":"e2101222","article-title":"Combined metabolic cofactor supplementation accelerates recovery in mild-to-moderate COVID-19","author":"Altay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib25","article-title":"Cognitive and Alzheimer's disease biomarker effects of oral nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation in older adults with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00999-9","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled trial of nicotinamide riboside in older adults with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"46","author":"Orr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01204-1","article-title":"Ingestion of beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide increased blood NAD levels, maintained walking speed, and improved sleep quality in older adults in a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"46","author":"Morifuji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121699","article-title":"Potential therapeutic effects of NAMPT-mediated NAD biosynthesis in depression in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.0824","article-title":"The role of kynurenine pathway and NAD+ metabolism in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Dehhaghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633_bib30","article-title":"Low-dose naltrexone and NAD+ for the treatment of patients with persistent fatigue symptoms after COVID-19","volume":"36","author":"Isman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S258953702500567X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S258953702500567X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:05:24Z","timestamp":1778904324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S258953702500567X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["S258953702500567X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of nicotinamide riboside on NAD+ levels, cognition, and symptom recovery in long-COVID: a randomized controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103633","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103633"}}