{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T22:25:03Z","timestamp":1794349503703,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024370","name":"Government of Italy Ministry of Education University and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T03:59:48Z","timestamp":1764043188000},"page":"103667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Antibiotic stewardship and point-of-care testing for children in 25 low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4173-3212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emelyne","family":"Gres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Brigadoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2818-5447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elita","family":"Zamperetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0161-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Dramowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9261-4573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9","family":"Dahourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hypolite Muhindo","family":"Mavoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tr\u00e9sor Zola","family":"Matuvanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raph L.","family":"Hamers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9riane","family":"Leroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7105-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Dona\u2019","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0850-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10459","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib2","series-title":"UN general assembly high-level meeting on antimicrobial resistance 2024","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-022-00385-9","article-title":"Attributable patient cost of antimicrobial resistance: a prospective parallel cohort study in two public teaching hospitals in Ghana","volume":"7","author":"Otieku","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacoecon Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.003","article-title":"WHO's essential medicines and AWaRe: recommendations on first- and second-choice antibiotics for empiric treatment of clinical infections","volume":"30","author":"Moja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.22.288614","article-title":"The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book and prevention of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"101","author":"Zanichelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib7","series-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and primary health care","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib8","series-title":"Prescribing errors in children: why they happen and how to prevent them","article-title":"The pharmaceutical journal","author":"Conn","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020132","article-title":"State of the art of antimicrobial and diagnostic stewardship in pediatric setting","volume":"14","author":"Don\u00e0","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00134-4","article-title":"WHO global research priorities for antimicrobial resistance in human health","volume":"5","author":"Bertagnolio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318026","article-title":"Effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in neonatology: a systematic review","volume":"105","author":"Araujo da Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib12","article-title":"The impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes in paediatric emergency departments and primary care: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Brigadoi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib13","series-title":"Antimicrobial consumption in the EU\/EEA (ESAC-Net) - annual epidemiological report 2021","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003139","article-title":"Antibiotic prescription practices in primary care in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Sulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610286","article-title":"High levels of outpatient antibiotic prescription at a district Hospital in Ghana: results of a cross sectional Study","volume":"19","author":"Amponsah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihae026","article-title":"Antibiotic prescription sources and use among under-5 children with fever\/cough in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"17","author":"Tesema","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib17","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1086\/665010","article-title":"Policy statement on antimicrobial stewardship by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS)","volume":"33","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib21","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2021-001470","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship in a tertiary care NICU of northern India: a quality improvement initiative","volume":"10","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib24","first-page":"673","article-title":"Bronchiolitis clinical practice guidelines implementation: surveillance study of hospitalized children in Jordan","volume":"15","author":"Awad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib25","first-page":"5077","article-title":"Impact of clinical pharmacist intervention in promoting rational antibiotic use in pediatric patients","volume":"13","author":"Azeez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res J Pharm Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2019.12.005","article-title":"Establishment of an antimicrobial stewardship strategy on the surgical NICU at Cairo University specialized pediatric hospital","volume":"55","author":"Bassiouny","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-76","article-title":"Malaria diagnostic testing and treatment practices in three different Plasmodium falciparum transmission settings in Tanzania: before and after a government policy change","volume":"10","author":"Bastiaens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib28","article-title":"Auditing use of antibiotics in Zimbabwean neonates","volume":"2","author":"Chimhini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Prev Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-22-00085","article-title":"Improving the quality of health care in special neonatal care units of India: a before and after intervention study","volume":"10","author":"Deorari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.14.3.27","article-title":"The impact of the implementation of culture-based antibiotic policy on the incidence of nosocomial infections in neonates hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit in a general Egyptian Hospital in upper Egypt, 2016-2018","volume":"14","author":"El-Baky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib31","article-title":"Impact of raising awareness and providing feedback on compliance to antibiotic prescription guidelines in pediatric inpatients","volume":"16","author":"Hembade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2021-001456","article-title":"Institution of an antibiotic stewardship programme for rationalising antibiotic usage: a quality improvement project in the NICU of a public teaching hospital in rural central India","volume":"10","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-017-1165-4","article-title":"Impact of antibiotic policy on antibiotic consumption in a neonatal intensive care unit in India","volume":"54","author":"Jinka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2020.v13i9.38403","article-title":"Prescribing patterns of cephalosporin in children following implementation of antibiotic stewardship program in a tertiary care hospital at western India","volume":"13","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Clin Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.118460","article-title":"Second-year outcomes of Implementing Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital","volume":"14","author":"Khorshidi-Malahmadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2021.1886545","article-title":"Decreasing antibiotic over-use by implementation of an antibiotic stewardship programme in preterm neonates in resource limited settings \u2013 a quality improvement initiative","volume":"41","author":"Kommalur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2021-001474","article-title":"Quality improvement initiative approach to decrease the unindicated usage of antibiotics in a neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Hyderabad, India","volume":"10","author":"Konda","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib38","article-title":"Quality improvement initiative improves the empiric antibiotic prescribing practices in a tertiary care children's hospital in India","volume":"12","author":"Kushala, Pemde","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib39","author":"Lapitan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib40","article-title":"Successful establishment and five-year sustainability of a neonatal-specific antimicrobial stewardship program in a low middle-income country","volume":"13","author":"Maalouf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_373_21","article-title":"Evaluation and optimization of antibiotic usage in upper respiratory tract infections in children at a tertiary care outpatient department: a clinical audit","volume":"54","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib42","first-page":"310","article-title":"The effect of Antibiotic Stewardship targeted against vancomycin and carbapenems in pediatric intensive care unit of Doctor Sheikh hospital","volume":"58","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med J Mashhad Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.06.002","article-title":"Effectiveness of an enhanced antibiotic stewardship programme among paediatric patients in a tertiary hospital in Vietnam","volume":"127","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_257_22","article-title":"Prospective audit with intervention and feedback\u2019 as a core antimicrobial stewardship strategy in the paediatrics department of a Nigerian tertiary hospital","volume":"30","author":"Ola-Bello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Niger Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0305-1","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP): an effective implementing technique for the therapy efficiency of meropenem and vancomycin antibiotics in Iranian pediatric patients","volume":"18","author":"Rahbarimanesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2015.1135560","article-title":"Improving the management of acute diarrhoea and dehydration in under-5 children in a paediatric referral facility in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"37","author":"Senbanjo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-023-04518-8","article-title":"Feasibility, sustainability, and effectiveness of the implementation of \u2018Facility-Team-Driven\u2019 approach for improving the quality of newborn care in South India","volume":"90","author":"Venugopal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.336.13927","article-title":"Validation of serum C-reactive protein for the diagnosis and monitoring of antibiotic therapy in neonatal sepsis","volume":"33","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2021-006228","article-title":"Comparison of early-onset sepsis risk-stratification algorithms in neonates in a Kenyan nursery","volume":"12","author":"Fileccia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaf017","article-title":"Assessing the use of Neonatal Sepsis Guidelines and antibiotic prescription with large-scale prospective data from Zimbabwe and Malawi","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10732-w","article-title":"Clinical utility of the FilmArray\u00ae meningitis\/encephalitis panel in children with suspected central nervous system infection in a low-resource setting - a prospective study in Southwestern Uganda","volume":"25","author":"Rasti","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7199\/ped.oncall.2020.18","article-title":"Ten days versus fourteen days antibiotic therapy in culture proven neonatal sepsis: single center Egyptian experience","volume":"17","author":"Salama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Oncall"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-461","article-title":"The outcome of a test-treat package versus routine outpatient care for Ghanaian children with fever: a pragmatic randomized control trial","volume":"13","author":"Ameyaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-019-0868-4","article-title":"Effect of enhancing audit and feedback on uptake of childhood pneumonia treatment policy in hospitals that are part of a clinical network: a cluster randomized trial","volume":"14","author":"Ayieko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30062-5","article-title":"Electronic decision support and diarrhoeal disease guideline adherence (mHDM): a cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.2535","article-title":"Improving antibiotic stewardship for diarrheal disease with probability-based electronic clinical decision support: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"176","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-11-109","article-title":"Effect of a multi-faceted quality improvement intervention on inappropriate antibiotic use in children with non-bloody diarrhoea admitted to district hospitals in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Opondo","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-011-0019-8","article-title":"Short course versus 7-day course of intravenous antibiotics for probable neonatal septicemia: a pilot, open-label, randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Saini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmac101","article-title":"Optimizing antibiotic use in culture-negative healthcare-associated infection with a \u2018stop\u2019 policy: a descriptive analytical study","volume":"69","author":"Sathyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13518","article-title":"Seven versus 10 days antibiotic therapy for culture-proven neonatal sepsis: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.11.010","article-title":"Randomized control trial on impact of clinical pharmacist led interventions on antibiotic stewardship program in children 0 to 18 years age in a tertiary care hospital in southern India","volume":"52","author":"Unni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251706","article-title":"Coverage of antenatal, intrapartum, and newborn care in 104 districts of Ethiopia: a before and after study four years after the launch of the national Community-Based Newborn Care programme","volume":"16","author":"Berhanu","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207233","article-title":"Can the use of digital algorithms improve quality care? An example from Afghanistan","volume":"13","author":"Bernasconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2017.12.021","article-title":"The ALMANACH project: preliminary results and potentiality from Afghanistan","volume":"114","author":"Bernasconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Med Inf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09131-1","article-title":"Quality of sick child management by health extension workers: role of a complex improvement intervention","volume":"23","author":"Daka","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S156","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad341","article-title":"Impact of the introduction of a package of diagnostic tools, diagnostic algorithm, and training and communication on outpatient acute fever case management at 3 diverse sites in Uganda: results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Kapisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v13i1.3107","article-title":"Burden of upper respiratory tract infections in primary care facilities and excessive antimicrobial over-prescription: a community-oriented primary care project in rural Kenya","volume":"13","author":"Nyamu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0304-2","article-title":"The effect of malaria rapid diagnostic tests results on antimicrobial prescription practices of health care workers in Burkina Faso","volume":"18","author":"Bonko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8229.90010","article-title":"Effect of adopting integrated management of childhood illness guidelines on drug use at a primary health care center: a case study from Egypt","volume":"18","author":"El Mahalli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Fam Community Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103196","article-title":"Effectiveness of introducing pulse oximetry and clinical decision support algorithms for the management of sick children in primary care in Kenya and Senegal on referral and antibiotic prescription: the TIMCI quasi-experimental pre-post study","volume":"83","author":"Langet","year":"2025","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib71","first-page":"55","article-title":"Quality of child healthcare at primary healthcare facilities: a national assessment of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses in Afghanistan","volume":"29","author":"Mansoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000070","article-title":"Influence of rapid malaria diagnostic tests on treatment and health outcome in fever patients, Zanzibar\u2014A Crossover Validation Study","volume":"6","author":"Msellem","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055315","article-title":"Effectiveness of an electronic clinical decision support system in improving the management of childhood illness in primary care in rural Nigeria: an observational study","volume":"12","author":"Schmitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132316","article-title":"New Algorithm for Managing Childhood illness Using Mobile Technology (ALMANACH): a controlled non-inferiority study on clinical outcome and antibiotic use in Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(15)60946-X","article-title":"Management of fever among under-fives and utility of malaria rapid diagnostic test under reduced malaria burden in Rufiji District, Southeastern Tanzania","volume":"5","author":"Tarimo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S145","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad328","article-title":"Impact of point-of-care rapid diagnostic tests on antibiotic prescription among patients aged <18 years in primary healthcare settings in 2 peri-urban districts in Ghana: randomized controlled trial results","volume":"77","author":"Adjei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103306","article-title":"Effectiveness of introducing pulse oximetry and clinical decision support algorithms for the management of sick children in primary care in India and Tanzania on hospitalisation and mortality: the TIMCI pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"85","author":"Beynon","year":"2025","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30444-3","article-title":"Effect of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing on antibiotic prescription in febrile patients attending primary care in Thailand and Myanmar: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Althaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c930","article-title":"Rapid testing for malaria in settings where microscopy is available and peripheral clinics where only presumptive treatment is available: a randomised controlled trial in Ghana","volume":"340","author":"Ansah","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01694-21","article-title":"Rapid diagnostic tests to guide case management of and improve antibiotic stewardship for pediatric acute respiratory illnesses in resource-constrained settings: a Prospective Cohort Study in Southwestern Uganda","volume":"9","author":"Ciccone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e633","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30142-5","article-title":"Point-of-care C-reactive protein testing to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics for non-severe acute respiratory infections in Vietnamese primary health care: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Do","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00125-1","article-title":"Implementation of point-of-care testing of C-reactive protein concentrations to improve antibiotic targeting in respiratory illness in Vietnamese primary care: a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Do","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S425095","article-title":"The feasibility of C-Reactive protein point-of-care testing to reduce overuse of antibiotics in children with acute respiratory tract infections in rural Kyrgyzstan: a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Isaeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Health Med Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib84","article-title":"C-reactive protein testing in primary care and antibiotic use in children with acute respiratory tract infections in Kyrgyzstan: an open-label, individually randomised, controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Isaeva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002411","article-title":"A novel electronic algorithm using host biomarker point-of-care tests for the management of febrile illnesses in Tanzanian children (e-POCT): a randomized, controlled non-inferiority trial","volume":"14","author":"Keitel","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz080","volume":"69","author":"Keitel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad331","article-title":"A randomized trial to assess the impact of a package of diagnostic tools and diagnostic algorithm on antibiotic prescriptions for the management of febrile illnesses among children and adolescents in primary health facilities in Burkina Faso","volume":"77","author":"Kiemde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09787-y","volume":"24","author":"Kiemde","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0816","article-title":"Integrated community case management of fever in children under five using rapid diagnostic tests and respiratory rate counting: a multi-country cluster randomized trial","volume":"87","author":"Mukanga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0395","article-title":"Performance of health workers using an electronic algorithm for the management of childhood illness in Tanzania: a Pilot Implementation study","volume":"96","author":"Rambaud-Althaus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0529","article-title":"The effect of text message reminders to health workers on quality of care for Malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea in Malawi: a cluster-randomized, controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Steinhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02633-9","article-title":"A digital health algorithm to guide antibiotic prescription in pediatric outpatient care: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000694","article-title":"A cluster randomized trial assessing the effect of a digital health algorithm on quality of care in Tanzania (DYNAMIC study)","volume":"3","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000340","article-title":"Community case management of fever due to malaria and pneumonia in children under five in Zambia: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Yeboah-Antwi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115440","article-title":"Increased access to care and appropriateness of treatment at private sector drug shops with integrated management of Malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea: a quasi-experimental Study in Uganda","volume":"9","author":"Awor","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3486-y","article-title":"Effectiveness of an educational intervention to improve antibiotic dispensing practices for acute respiratory illness among drug sellers in pharmacies, a pilot study in Bangladesh","volume":"18","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-16-00021","article-title":"Improved childhood diarrhea treatment practices in Ghana: a pre-post evaluation of a comprehensive private-sector program","volume":"4","author":"El-Khoury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2072-9","article-title":"Integrated community case management by drug sellers influences appropriate treatment of paediatric febrile illness in South Western Uganda: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"16","author":"Kitutu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0367","article-title":"Treatment of sick children seeking care in the private health sector in Uganda: a cluster randomized trial","volume":"102","author":"Mbonye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-015-0202-y","article-title":"Impact of an integrated community case management programme on uptake of appropriate diarrhoea and pneumonia treatments in Uganda: a propensity score matching and equity analysis study","volume":"14","author":"Nanyonjo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib101","series-title":"Levels & Trends in Child mortality: report 2023, estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation","year":"2024"},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2411919121","article-title":"Global trends in antibiotic consumption during 2016\u20132023 and future projections through 2030","volume":"121","author":"Klein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2411919121","article-title":"Global trends in antibiotic consumption during 2016-2023 and future projections through 2030","volume":"121","author":"Klein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2023.164","article-title":"World Health Organization AWaRe framework for antibiotic stewardship: where are we now and where do we need to go? An expert viewpoint","volume":"3","author":"Mudenda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib104","article-title":"Challenges of implementing antimicrobial stewardship tools in Low to Middle Income Countries (LMICs)","volume":"5","author":"Shamas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Prev Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-024-01369-6","article-title":"Barriers, facilitators, perceptions and impact of interventions in implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs in hospitals of low-middle and middle countries: a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Harun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"3S","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003317","article-title":"The impact of antimicrobial stewardship in children in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"41","author":"Abo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0659-3","article-title":"Implementation and impact of pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs: a systematic scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Don\u00e0","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001551","article-title":"Primary healthcare system performance in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review of the evidence from 2010 to 2017","volume":"4","author":"Bitton","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz543","article-title":"Can evidence-based decision support tools transform antibiotic management? A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"75","author":"Laka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13600","article-title":"Comparative assessment of the prevalence, practices and factors associated with self-medication with antibiotics in Africa","volume":"26","author":"Yeika","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.35127","article-title":"Validation of administrative data and timing of point prevalence surveys for antibiotic monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Boracchini","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib112","series-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship programmes in health-care facilities in low- and middle-income countries: a WHO practical toolkit","first-page":"71","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.08.017","article-title":"Optimizing design of research to evaluate antibiotic stewardship interventions: consensus recommendations of a multinational working group","volume":"26","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2020.12.016","article-title":"It is time for pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs","volume":"39","author":"Aguilera-Alonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Cl\u00edn"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537025006017?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537025006017?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T21:36:52Z","timestamp":1794346612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537025006017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["S2589537025006017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antibiotic stewardship and point-of-care testing for children in 25 low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103667"}}