{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T07:33:42Z","timestamp":1785656022717,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007052","name":"Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006662","name":"National Institute on Handicapped Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T23:32:29Z","timestamp":1770075149000},"page":"103764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Intradiscal linezolid (PP353) treatment for chronic low back pain associated with Modic change type 1: an international, first-in-human, randomised, sham procedure-controlled, double-blind, phase 1b clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2913-3387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Lassen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Scarborough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Gilchrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva S.","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9871-7189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Horcajadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4385-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"DeAndres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1898-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganesan","family":"Baranidharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sashin","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian S.","family":"Otte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8263-0190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lloyd G.","family":"Czaplewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"McHale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Scarborough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaron","family":"Berkowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajat","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"K\u00fcmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron","family":"Oram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Dazell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deirdre","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parag","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aprajay","family":"Golash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquline","family":"Bramley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Purohit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunette","family":"Morre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pheobe","family":"Wamban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheela","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Titterington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Speight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kausik","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"McGough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Walborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Tornero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Rigoard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Klaasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otis","family":"Rimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Ratcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlie","family":"Brindley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Blakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Outlaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaughan","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conrad","family":"Stroud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Linley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M'Lissa","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilory","family":"Ricketts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Fairbank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prof Mikael","family":"Boesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Jaitly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eulene","family":"Gooden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f3148","article-title":"Management of low back pain","volume":"347","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.1.3336678","article-title":"Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging","volume":"166","author":"Modic","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1964-6","article-title":"Are Modic changes prognostic for recovery in a cohort of patients with non-specific low back pain?","volume":"21","author":"Keller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac088","article-title":"A first estimate of the annual prevalence of basivertebral nerve ablation candidates in a spine clinic","volume":"23","author":"Sherwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib5","author":"Farley"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003529","article-title":"Association between Modic changes and low back pain in middle age: a Northern Finland birth cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Saukkonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06618-x","article-title":"Association between types of Modic changes in the lumbar region and low back pain in a large cohort: the Wakayama spine study","volume":"30","author":"Mera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2309-9","article-title":"Is the development of Modic changes associated with clinical symptoms? A 14-month cohort study with MRI","volume":"21","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09658","article-title":"Non-surgical therapy for the treatment of chronic low back pain in patients with Modic changes: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03839-w","article-title":"Modic changes as seen on MRI are associated with nonspecific chronic lower back pain and disability","volume":"18","author":"Czaplewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.14444\/8362","article-title":"ISASS policy statement 2022: literature review of intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation","volume":"16","author":"Lorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.02.013","article-title":"Chronic low back pain, bacterial infection and treatment with antibiotics","volume":"21","author":"Gilligan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000238657.13263.b2","article-title":"Association between sciatica and microbial infection: true infection or culture contamination?","volume":"31","author":"Ben-Galim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2007.04.007","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes contamination in lumbar disc surgery","volume":"66","author":"Carricajo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4396-5","article-title":"Prospective study using anterior approach did not show association between Modic 1 changes and low grade infection in lumbar spine","volume":"25","author":"Rigal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E764","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001383","article-title":"Association between lumbar disc degeneration and Propionibacterium acnes infection: clinical research and preliminary exploration of animal experiment","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221030","article-title":"Is the discopathy associated with Modic changes an infectious process? Results from a prospective monocenter study","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed-Yahia","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06164-1","article-title":"Bacteria: back pain, leg pain and Modic sign-a surgical multicentre comparative study","volume":"28","author":"Fritzell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.03.013","article-title":"Degenerate-disc infection study with contaminant control (DISC): a multicenter prospective case-control trial","volume":"20","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2674-z","article-title":"Does nuclear tissue infected with bacteria following disc herniations lead to Modic changes in the adjacent vertebrae?","volume":"22","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4887-4","article-title":"Modic changes in the adjacent vertebrae due to disc material infection with Propionibacterium acnes in patients with lumbar disc herniation","volume":"26","author":"Aghazadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161676","article-title":"Prevalence of Propionibacterium acnes in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing lumbar microdiscectomy: a prospective cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Capoor","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174518","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes biofilm is present in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing microdiscectomy","volume":"12","author":"Capoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12841","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: a possible mechanism for chronic infection in patients with lumbar disc herniation - a prospective proof-of-concept study using fluorescence in situ hybridization","volume":"126","author":"Ohrt-Nissen","year":"2018","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06086-y","article-title":"A review of microscopy-based evidence for the association of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in degenerative disc disease and other diseased human tissue","volume":"28","author":"Capoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70139","article-title":"Intracellular detection of C. acnes and S. aureus in non-herniated human intervertebral discs: implications for catabolic signaling pathways","volume":"8","author":"N\u00fcesch","year":"2025","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib27","article-title":"Modic changes and disc degeneration caused by inoculation of Propionibacterium acnes inside intervertebral discs of rabbits: a pilot study","volume":"2016","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23265","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes infected intervertebral discs cause vertebral bone marrow lesions consistent with Modic changes","volume":"34","author":"Dudli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2675-y","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy","volume":"22","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib30","article-title":"Efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"367","author":"Br\u00e5ten","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1281","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of oral antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-023-00002-7","article-title":"Intradiscal pharmacokinetics of oral antibiotics to treat chronic lower back pain","volume":"1","author":"Czaplewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib33","author":"Komatsu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70010","article-title":"Preclinical development and characterisation of PP353, a formulation of linezolid for intradiscal administration","volume":"7","author":"Hagger","year":"2024","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70009","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of PP353, a formulation of linezolid for intervertebral disc administration, in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic change Type 1: a first-in-human, Phase 1b, open-label, single-dose study","volume":"7","author":"Tripathi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90007-8","article-title":"Low back pain rating scale: validation of a tool for assessment of low back pain","volume":"57","author":"Manniche","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199509000-00011","article-title":"Assessing health-related quality of life in patients with sciatica","volume":"20","author":"Patrick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldp052","article-title":"Rating scales for low back pain","volume":"94","author":"Longo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00006","article-title":"The Roland-Morris disability questionnaire and the oswestry disability questionnaire","volume":"25","author":"Roland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib41","author":"Ostelo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib42","author":"Jordan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001952","article-title":"Interpretation of chronic pain clinical trial outcomes: IMMPACT recommended considerations","volume":"161","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-22","article-title":"Rest versus exercise as treatment for patients with low back pain and Modic changes. a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.05.598","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, multicenter study of intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain","volume":"19","author":"Khalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-64","article-title":"Efficacy of zoledronic acid for chronic low back pain associated with Modic changes in magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"15","author":"Koivisto","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5496-1","article-title":"Intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a prospective randomized double-blind sham-controlled multi-center study","volume":"27","author":"Fischgrund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3789-3794.2003","article-title":"Concentrations in plasma, urinary excretion, and bactericidal activity of linezolid (600 milligrams) versus those of ciprofloxacin (500 milligrams) in healthy volunteers receiving a single oral dose","volume":"47","author":"Wagenlehner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib49","author":"Fields"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib50","author":"Kim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004513","article-title":"Amoxicillin did not reduce modic change oedema in patients with chronic low back pain - subgroup analyses of a randomised trial (the AIM study)","volume":"48","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764_bib52","author":"Herger"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103834","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000}}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537026000118?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537026000118?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T20:31:26Z","timestamp":1784579486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537026000118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S2589537026000118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Intradiscal linezolid (PP353) treatment for chronic low back pain associated with Modic change type 1: an international, first-in-human, randomised, sham procedure-controlled, double-blind, phase 1b clinical trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103764","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103764"}}