{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T06:39:40Z","timestamp":1793515180160,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008984","name":"International Anesthesia Research Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008984","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T06:27:01Z","timestamp":1769840821000},"page":"103771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Association of intraoperative dexamethasone administration with postoperative delirium and the role of hyperglycaemia: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3523-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Riesemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Tenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0264-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ahrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca J.","family":"Wachtendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9la-Simon","family":"Paschold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denys","family":"Shay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8102-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"von Wedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Liebich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justus P.","family":"Student","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Fligor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4667-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Katsiampoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Valeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Novack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara S.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haobo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8186-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian S.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1605501","article-title":"Delirium in hospitalized older adults","volume":"377","author":"Marcantonio","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2025.100731","article-title":"Occurrence, associated factors, and outcomes of delirium in patients in an adult acute general medicine service in England: a 10-year longitudinal, observational study","volume":"6","author":"Gan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004833","article-title":"Fourth consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"131","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31822a24c2","article-title":"Perioperative single dose systemic dexamethasone for postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"115","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib5","first-page":"CD011940","article-title":"Adverse side effects of dexamethasone in surgical patients","volume":"11","author":"Polderman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006933","article-title":"Impact of intraoperative dexamethasone on perioperative blood glucose levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"139","author":"Katerenchuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03930-2","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib8","first-page":"137","article-title":"Prophylaxis of dexamethasone protects patients from further post-operative delirium after cardiac surgery: a randomized trial","volume":"18","author":"Mardani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15465","article-title":"Steroids to reduce the impact on delirium (STRIDE): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility trial of pre-operative dexamethasone in people with hip fracture","volume":"76","author":"Kluger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.14144","article-title":"Intraoperative high-dose dexamethasone for cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"308","author":"Dieleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000248","article-title":"Cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"119","author":"Sau\u00ebr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13040932","article-title":"Association between preoperative glucose dysregulation and delirium after non-cardiac surgery","volume":"13","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02362-4","article-title":"The relationship between stress hyperglycemia ratio and the risk of delirium in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"30","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000007489","article-title":"Association between neuromuscular blockade and its reversal with postoperative delirium in older patients: a hospital registry study","volume":"141","author":"Ahrens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2025.111869","article-title":"Comparison of established comorbidity scores using administrative data of patients undergoing surgery or interventional procedures in Massachusetts","volume":"185","author":"Ahrens","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes276","article-title":"Evidence-based analysis of risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"109","author":"Apfel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000005367","article-title":"Does management of postoperative nausea and vomiting differ by patient demographics? An evaluation of perioperative anesthetic management-an observational study","volume":"142","author":"Goldson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.04.026","article-title":"Postoperative outcomes in older patients living with frailty and multimorbidity in the UK: SNAP-3, a snapshot observational study","volume":"135","author":"Swarbrick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.13166","article-title":"Adaptation of the risk analysis index for frailty assessment using diagnostic codes","volume":"7","author":"Dicpinigaitis","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy236","article-title":"Med4way: a stata command to investigate mediating and interactive mechanisms using the four-way effect decomposition","volume":"48","author":"Discacciati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000121","article-title":"A unification of mediation and interaction: a 4-way decomposition","volume":"25","author":"Vanderweele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6058","article-title":"Metrics for covariate balance in cohort studies of causal effects","volume":"33","author":"Franklin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E105","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005526","article-title":"Association between intraoperative dexamethasone and postoperative mortality in patients undergoing oncologic surgery: a multicentric cohort study","volume":"278","author":"Blank","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.0431","article-title":"Association of preoperative patient frailty and operative stress with postoperative mortality","volume":"155","author":"Shinall","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4490","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2660","article-title":"Relative hyperglycemia, a marker of critical illness: introducing the stress hyperglycemia ratio","volume":"100","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.01.027","article-title":"Association between dexamethasone and delirium in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study of a large clinical database","volume":"263","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2025.5055","article-title":"Financial hardship after surgical procedures","volume":"161","author":"Hernandez","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.6257","article-title":"Racial disparities in the use of surgical procedures in the US","volume":"156","author":"Best","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2020-001320","article-title":"Increasing the use of multimodal analgesia during adult surgery in a tertiary academic anaesthesia department","volume":"10","author":"Olmos","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000669","article-title":"Intraoperative tight glucose control using hyperinsulinemic normoglycemia increases delirium after cardiac surgery","volume":"122","author":"Saager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S369457","article-title":"Relative hypoglycemia is associated with delirium in critically ill patients with diabetes: a cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib32","series-title":"Delirium is under-reported in discharge summaries and in hospital administrative systems: a systematic review","author":"Ibitoye","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.22647","article-title":"Effect of regional vs general anesthesia on incidence of postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: the RAGA randomized trial","volume":"327","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06106-w","article-title":"Current status of delirium assessment tools in the intensive care unit: a prospective multicenter observational survey","volume":"12","author":"Ishii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2015.2606","article-title":"Effect of delirium and other major complications on outcomes after elective surgery in older adults","volume":"150","author":"Gleason","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16681","article-title":"Dose-dependent relationship between intra-operative ketamine administration and postoperative delirium: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"80","author":"Kaiser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537026000180?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537026000180?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T20:29:46Z","timestamp":1784579386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537026000180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S2589537026000180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association of intraoperative dexamethasone administration with postoperative delirium and the role of hyperglycaemia: a retrospective cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103771","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103771"}}