{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:29:07Z","timestamp":1793946547369,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T12:55:15Z","timestamp":1772628915000},"page":"103812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prevalence of physical abuse by caregivers toward infants aged 0\u201324 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-6269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cora L.","family":"Keeney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1939-5984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nichole","family":"Fairbrother","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Kitchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryn","family":"Stagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4734-974X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily J.","family":"Fawcett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2150-8583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azadeh","family":"Vaziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea A.","family":"Lahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4248-5371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Fawcett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4079","article-title":"Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: a systematic review and minimum estimates","volume":"137","author":"Hillis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000191","article-title":"Spanking and child outcomes: old controversies and new meta-analyses","volume":"30","author":"Gershoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349","article-title":"The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Norman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.207","article-title":"Child maltreatment and mental health problems in adulthood: birth cohort study","volume":"213","author":"Kisely","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01258-8","article-title":"Child maltreatment and long-term physical and mental health outcomes: an exploration of biopsychosocial determinants and implications for prevention","volume":"54","author":"Mehta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Psychiatr Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000139","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and its effect on neurocognitive functioning: timing and chronicity matter","volume":"27","author":"Cowell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7080101","article-title":"Infants investigated by the child welfare system: exploring a distinct profile of risks, service needs, and referrals for support in Ontario","volume":"7","author":"Filippelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2009.08.003","article-title":"Child maltreatment and the developing brain: a review of neuroscience perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Twardosz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"issue":"9817","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61087-8","article-title":"Child maltreatment: variation in trends and policies in six developed countries","volume":"379","author":"Gilbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib11","first-page":"292","article-title":"Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on regional brain development","volume":"20","author":"Andersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroparasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.252","article-title":"Early adverse experiences and the developing brain","volume":"41","author":"Bick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029","article-title":"Child maltreatment","volume":"1","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.7.621","article-title":"Analysis of missed cases of abusive head trauma","volume":"281","author":"Jenny","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2022-001271","article-title":"Bruising in infants: an approach to the recognition of child physical abuse","volume":"43","author":"Asnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP6904","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518821460","article-title":"A follow-up study on the continuity and spillover effects of intimate partner violence during pregnancy on postnatal child abuse","volume":"36","author":"Kita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"Supplement_5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.S5.1952","article-title":"Parents' discipline of young children: results from the National Survey of Early Childhood Health","volume":"113","author":"Regalado","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00036","article-title":"The emergence of spanking among a representative sample of children under 2 years of age in North Carolina","volume":"2","author":"Zolotor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559510387659","article-title":"A randomized trial of the effects of anonymity and quasi anonymity on disclosure of child maltreatment-related outcomes among postpartum women","volume":"16","author":"Chase","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-015-2271-x","article-title":"Violence against children","volume":"59","author":"Ziegenhain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2006.00483.x","article-title":"Why have child maltreatment and child victimization declined?","volume":"62","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"issue":"9657","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","article-title":"Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries","volume":"373","author":"Gilbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140216","article-title":"Self-reported prevalence and risk factors for shaking and smothering among mothers of 4-month-old infants in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e331","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1033","article-title":"Epidemiologic features of the physical and sexual maltreatment of children in the Carolinas","volume":"115","author":"Theodore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10297","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00582-1","article-title":"Physical punishment and child outcomes: a narrative review of prospective studies","volume":"398","author":"Heilmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20345","article-title":"Physical discipline, escalation, and child abuse potential: psychometric evidence for the Analog Parenting Task","volume":"36","author":"Russa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105662","article-title":"The association between spanking and physical abuse of young children in 56 low- and middle-income countries","volume":"129","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000502","article-title":"Estimating the association between spanking and early childhood development using between- and within-child analyses","volume":"14","author":"Cuartas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437211000632","article-title":"Associations between lifetime spanking\/slapping and adolescent physical and mental health and behavioral outcomes","volume":"67","author":"Fortier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib31","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106816","article-title":"Association between maternal dissatisfaction with oneself at birth and shaking and smothering toward the offspring up to 18 months old","volume":"153","author":"Kawahara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2204","article-title":"Attitudes predict the use of physical punishment: a prospective study of the emergence of disciplinary practices","volume":"117","author":"Vittrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib35","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy","author":"Deeks","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib36","series-title":"JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis","article-title":"Chapter 5: systematic reviews of prevalence and incidence","author":"Munn","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","article-title":"brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan","volume":"80","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247","article-title":"Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"IntHout","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib40","series-title":"Common Mistakes in Meta-Analysis and How to Avoid Them","author":"Borenstein","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19r13085","article-title":"Women are at greater risk of OCD than men: a meta-analytic review of OCD prevalence worldwide","volume":"81","author":"Fawcett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.18r12527","article-title":"The prevalence of anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a multivariate Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Fawcett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1742","article-title":"A Bayesian multivariate approach to estimating the prevalence of a superordinate category of disorders","volume":"27","author":"Fawcett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2025.108406","article-title":"Parental awareness of abusive head trauma, shaking intentions, and behaviors in the Taiwanese population","volume":"176","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00558-8","article-title":"Incidence of and improvement in inappropriate parental behaviors of mothers with young children: a retrospective cohort study conducted in collaboration with a local government","volume":"79","author":"Arai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2482","article-title":"Parents' self-reported use of corporal punishment and other humiliating upbringing practices in Finland and Sweden \u2013 a comparative Study","volume":"26","author":"Ellonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-016-0047-9","article-title":"Neighborhood social capital and infant physical abuse: a population-based study in Japan","volume":"10","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-020-01145-z","article-title":"Effectiveness of an educational video in maternity wards to prevent self-reported shaking and smothering during the first week of age: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m14006","article-title":"Postpartum thoughts of infant-related harm and obsessive-compulsive disorder: relation to maternal physical aggression toward the infant","volume":"83","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-008-0016-7","article-title":"New mothers' thoughts of harm related to the newborn","volume":"11","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00245","article-title":"Synergistic effects of unintended pregnancy and young motherhood on shaking and smothering of infants among caregivers in Nagoya City, Japan","volume":"5","author":"Isumi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.79.4.312","article-title":"Mothers' reports of infant crying and soothing in a multicultural population","volume":"79","author":"van der Wal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"9442","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17191-2","article-title":"Infant crying and abuse","volume":"364","author":"Reijneveld","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.848321","article-title":"The association between maternal shaking behavior and inappropriate infant parenting: the Japan Environment and Children's Study","volume":"10","author":"Sakakihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1521\/bumc.68.2.174.35951","article-title":"The relationship between postpartum depression and abusive parenting behavior of Japanese mothers: a survey of mothers with a child less than one year old","volume":"68","author":"Sagami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull Menninger Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104359","article-title":"Effectiveness of using an educational video simulating the anatomical mechanism of shaking and smothering in a home-visit program to prevent self-reported infant abuse: a population-based quasi-experimental study in Japan","volume":"101","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib57","series-title":"Parenting of Children under Two: Severe Physical Punishment and Psychological Aggression","author":"Zolotor","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2025.100650","article-title":"A critical review of the American Academy of Pediatrics technical report on abusive head trauma","volume":"11","author":"Brook","year":"2025","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Synerg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.18231\/2455-8559.2018.0003","article-title":"Under reporting of child sexual abuse\u2014the barriers guarding the silence","volume":"4","author":"Chandran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telangana J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0356","article-title":"The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse","volume":"135","author":"Christian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-070457","article-title":"Abusive head trauma in infants and children: technical report","volume":"155","author":"Narang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/14043858.2015.1038905","article-title":"Comparing trends in infanticides in 28 countries, 1960\u20132009","volume":"16","author":"Ellonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Scand Stud Criminol Crime Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13539","article-title":"Annual research review: cross-cultural similarities and differences in parenting","volume":"63","author":"Lansford","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCPP (J Child Psychol Psychiatry)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.10.016","article-title":"Change over time in parents' beliefs about and reported use of corporal punishment in eight countries with and without legal bans","volume":"71","author":"Lansford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib67","series-title":"Global Pathways to Abolishing Physical Punishment","article-title":"Sweden: a 30-Year ban on physical punishment of children","author":"Janson","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.14.3.380","article-title":"Discipline responses: influences of parents' socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes","volume":"14","author":"Pinderhughes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01409.x","article-title":"Parent discipline practices in an international sample: associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness","volume":"81","author":"Gershoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence, societal causes, and trends in corporal punishment by parents in world perspective","volume":"73","author":"Straus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Law Contemp Probs"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.0455","article-title":"Why programs for managing colicky crying fail to prevent abusive head trauma and suggestions for improvement","volume":"175","author":"Lyn\u00f8e","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537026000593?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537026000593?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T05:47:08Z","timestamp":1793944028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537026000593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["S2589537026000593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence of physical abuse by caregivers toward infants aged 0\u201324 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103812","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103812"}}