{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:31:07Z","timestamp":1793946667383,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:44:01Z","timestamp":1790606641000},"page":"104228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Non-pharmacological executive function interventions for children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9874-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffy C.F.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8179-4951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy R.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6699-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael K.","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun Liang","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4720-5172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard H.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1257-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin-Rang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6187-9499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy C.Y.","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4810-9262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H.K.","family":"Shum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond C.K.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley X.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib1","series-title":"xliv, 947-xliv Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5\u2122","first-page":"947","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2020.22.1\/macrocq","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders-the history and future of a diagnostic concept","volume":"22","author":"Morris-Rosendahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.039","article-title":"How children with neurodevelopmental disorders can benefit from the neurocognitive effects of exercise","volume":"127","author":"Ludyga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-019-0299-7","article-title":"Executive functioning and neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood: a prospective population-based study","volume":"13","author":"Otterman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167","article-title":"An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.594234","article-title":"Executive functions in neurodevelopmental disorders: Comorbidity overlaps between attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and specific learning disorders","volume":"15","author":"Crisci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12451","article-title":"Research Review: Executive function deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder - a meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Kingdon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib9","first-page":"1191","article-title":"A review of executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"12","author":"Craig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.75","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of executive function","volume":"23","author":"Demetriou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.08.001","article-title":"Working memory studies among individuals with intellectual disability: an integrative research review","volume":"59","author":"Lifshitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12098","article-title":"Executive function in children with intellectual disability--the effects of sex, level and aetiology of intellectual disability","volume":"58","author":"Memisevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/11038128.2021.2019306","article-title":"Relationships between motor skills and executive functions in developmental coordination disorder (DCD): a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Fogel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252043","article-title":"Attentional and executive functions in children and adolescents with developmental coordination disorder and the influence of comorbid disorders: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Lachambre","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2019.1669609","article-title":"A meta-analysis of executive functioning in dyslexia with consideration of the impact of comorbid ADHD","volume":"31","author":"Lonergan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cognit Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib16","first-page":"S20","article-title":"Executive functioning in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"28","author":"Moura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710370935","article-title":"Executive dysfunction in school-age children with ADHD","volume":"15","author":"Lambek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12644","article-title":"Use of psychotropic drugs in patients with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review","volume":"135","author":"Jobski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib19","first-page":"809","article-title":"The medical care of people with intellectual disability","volume":"116","author":"Sappok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.08.008","article-title":"Pediatric care for children with developmental coordination disorder, can we do better?","volume":"45","author":"Smits-Engelsman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib21","article-title":"Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"3","author":"Storeb\u00f8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000195","article-title":"The efficacy of different interventions to foster children's executive function skills: a series of meta-analyses","volume":"145","author":"Takacs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.6251","article-title":"Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103692","article-title":"Efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions on executive functions in children and adolescents with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30269-4","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Cortese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06735-1","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and combination treatments for non-suicidal self-injury in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib29","first-page":"186","article-title":"PEDro: a database of randomised controlled trials in physiotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Herbert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Inf Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003082","article-title":"CINeMA: an approach for assessing confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Nikolakopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib31","article-title":"CINeMA: software for semiautomated assessment of the confidence in the results of network meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.10.014","article-title":"GRADE guidelines 26: informative statements to communicate the findings of systematic reviews of interventions","volume":"119","author":"Santesso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib33","series-title":"Statistical Methods in Meta-Analysis","author":"Hedges","year":"1985"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36129","article-title":"Age-related differences in accelerometer-assessed physical activity and sleep parameters among children and adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1037","article-title":"Indirect and mixed-treatment comparison, network, or multiple-treatments meta-analysis: many names, many benefits, many concerns for the next generation evidence synthesis tool","volume":"3","author":"Salanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch11","article-title":"Undertaking network meta-analyses","author":"Chaimani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X12455847","article-title":"Evidence synthesis for decision making 4: inconsistency in networks of evidence based on randomized controlled trials","volume":"33","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016","article-title":"Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial","volume":"64","author":"Salanti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib40","article-title":"Metacognitive interventions in text production and working memory in students with ADHD","volume":"31","author":"Pisacco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psicologia: Reflex\u00e3o e Cr\u00edtica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib41","first-page":"34","article-title":"Coherence training in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: cognitive functions and behavioral changes","volume":"16","author":"Lloyd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000308","article-title":"Can working memory training work for ADHD? Development of central executive training and comparison with behavioral parent training","volume":"86","author":"Kofler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2023.0002","article-title":"Attention training improves executive functions and ameliorates behavioral symptoms in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: implication of tele-cognitive-rehabilitation in the era of coronavirus disease","volume":"13","author":"Nejati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119495","article-title":"Efficacy of a mobile health with tailored personalized exercise rehabilitation program for ADHD children: randomized controlled trial","volume":"387","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12157","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial comparing computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation, stimulant medication, and an active control in the treatment of ADHD","volume":"21","author":"Azami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0804-3","article-title":"Long-term far-transfer effects of working memory training in children with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Bigorra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2017.1328070","article-title":"A double-blind randomized pilot trial comparing computerized cognitive exercises to Tetris in adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"71","author":"Bikic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1151-y","article-title":"Attention and executive functions computer training for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): results from a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Bikic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12146","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of Cogmed working memory training in school-age children with ADHD: a replication in a diverse sample using a control condition","volume":"55","author":"Chacko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121651","article-title":"Improving executive functioning in children with ADHD: training multiple executive functions within the context of a computer game. a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Dovis","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075660","article-title":"Few effects of far transfer of working memory training in ADHD: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Egeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0124-y","article-title":"Will working memory training generalize to improve off-task behavior in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder?","volume":"9","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547211063645","article-title":"Immediate and sustained effects of neurofeedback and working memory training on cognitive functions in children and adolescents with ADHD: a multi-arm pragmatic randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Hasslinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.12.8.6","article-title":"Effect of a visual tracking intervention on attention and behavior of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Janmohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eye Mov Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-009-0017-z","article-title":"A pilot study of combined working memory and inhibition training for children with AD\/HD","volume":"2","author":"Johnstone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.02.015","article-title":"Game-based combined cognitive and neurofeedback training using Focus Pocus reduces symptom severity in children with diagnosed AD\/HD and subclinical AD\/HD","volume":"116","author":"Johnstone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718779230","article-title":"Exploring N-Back cognitive training for children with ADHD","volume":"24","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib82","first-page":"224","article-title":"Working memory training in the form of structured games in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"11","author":"Khalili Kermani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080561","article-title":"RCT of working memory training in ADHD: long-term near-transfer effects","volume":"8","author":"Hovik","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547241256269","article-title":"A 5-week digital intervention to reduce attention problems in children with ADHD: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Kirk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200502000-00010","article-title":"Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD--a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Klingberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715608439","article-title":"Working memory and increased activity level (Hyperactivity) in ADHD: experimental evidence for a functional relation","volume":"24","author":"Kofler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2018.1509003","article-title":"Randomized control study of the effects of executive function training on peer difficulties of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder C subtype","volume":"9","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Child"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241352","article-title":"Computer-based inhibitory control training in children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Evidence for behavioral and neural impact","volume":"15","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0206","article-title":"Does computerized working memory training with game elements enhance motivation and training efficacy in children with ADHD?","volume":"14","author":"Prins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3251","article-title":"Quiet eye training-based intervention can ameliorate inhibitory control but not visuospatial working memory in children with ADHD","volume":"13","author":"Psotta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2019.1698717","article-title":"Combined intervention of working memory and arithmetic reasoning in students with ADHD","volume":"68","author":"Sperafico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Disabil Dev Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.994485","article-title":"Combined cognitive and parent training interventions for adolescents with ADHD and their mothers: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Steeger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2024.104615","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial to evaluate feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary target engagement for a novel executive working memory training in adolescents with ADHD","volume":"181","author":"Sullivan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-011-0059-x","article-title":"Training of attention functions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"3","author":"Tucha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01081","article-title":"Cognitive training for children with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial of cogmed working memory training and 'paying attention in class'","volume":"6","author":"van der Donk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12218","article-title":"Working memory training in young children with ADHD: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"van Dongen-Boomsma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2018.0051","article-title":"A pilot study of the efficacy of a cognitive training based on board games in children with attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Estrada-Plana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2011.599115","article-title":"The impact of a multimodal Summer Camp Training on neuropsychological functioning in children and adolescents with ADHD: an exploratory study","volume":"18","author":"Gerber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713520617","article-title":"The OutSMARTers Program for children with ADHD","volume":"21","author":"Hannesdottir","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411427349","article-title":"Effects of a psychosocial intervention on the executive functioning in children with ADHD","volume":"46","author":"Miranda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717693371","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to examine the posttreatment efficacy of neurofeedback, behavior therapy, and pharmacology on ADHD measures","volume":"23","author":"Moreno-Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.208236","article-title":"Effect of an ecological executive skill training program for school-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"130","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01571-y","article-title":"Efficacy and acceptability of a second dose of ecological executive skills training for children with ADHD: a randomized controlled study and follow-up","volume":"30","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01161","article-title":"Effect of training focused on executive functions (attention, inhibition, and working memory) in preschoolers exhibiting ADHD symptoms","volume":"6","author":"Re","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2012.11.004","article-title":"Preliminary data suggesting the efficacy of attention training for school-aged children with ADHD","volume":"4","author":"Tamm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2023.2203321","article-title":"The effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention on improving executive functions and reducing the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in young children","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed Aboalola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12148","article-title":"The impact of mindfulness meditation training on executive functions and emotion dysregulation in an Iranian sample of female adolescents with elevated attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: mindfulness in adolescents with ADHD symptoms","volume":"69","author":"Kiani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-023-10003-2","article-title":"Digital cognitive training for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"52","author":"Ponomarev","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psycholinguist Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547211027636","article-title":"Mindfulness training for children with ADHD and their parents: a randomized control trial","volume":"26","author":"Valero","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23584","article-title":"Real-time fMRI neurofeedback in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"38","author":"Alegria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0208-y","article-title":"Neurofeedback in ADHD: a single-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Bakhshayesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059419879020","article-title":"Individualized neurofeedback training may help achieve long-term improvement of working memory in children with ADHD","volume":"51","author":"Dobrakowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0902-x","article-title":"An RCT into the effects of neurofeedback on neurocognitive functioning compared to stimulant medication and physical activity in children with ADHD","volume":"26","author":"Gelad\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.11.013","article-title":"Training of slow cortical potentials in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: evidence for positive behavioral and neurophysiological effects","volume":"55","author":"Heinrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0144","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of neurofeedback, methylphenidate, and physical activity on event-related potentials in children with attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder","volume":"26","author":"Janssen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111087","article-title":"Neuromonitoring-guided working memory intervention in children with ADHD","volume":"27","author":"Rahimpour Jounghani","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.10.100","article-title":"Effect of neurofeedback training on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"394","author":"L\u00e9vesque","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594221101693","article-title":"Effects of twenty hours of neurofeedback-based neuropsychotherapy on the executive functions and achievements among ADHD children","volume":"53","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"issue":"1915","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0097","article-title":"Effects of fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex on inhibitory brain activation in children with ADHD","volume":"379","author":"Lukito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.10.008","article-title":"Comparing tomographic EEG neurofeedback and EMG biofeedback in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"95","author":"Maurizio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2022.2112679","article-title":"The effect of neurofeedback training combined with computer cognitive games on the time perception, attention, and working memory in children with ADHD","volume":"13","author":"Moradi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.29252\/aassjournal.6.4.17","article-title":"The effects of neurofeedback, yoga interventions on memory and cognitive activity in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Rezaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Appl Sport Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059418813034","article-title":"EEG neurofeedback training in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a cognitive and behavioral outcome study","volume":"50","author":"Shereena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2021.12.005","article-title":"The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training on EEG spectral power in adolescent boys with ADHD: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Westwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib132","first-page":"497","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training in adolescent boys with ADHD: a double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Westwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000891","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of exercise for ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders","volume":"48","author":"Bustamante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13446","article-title":"The effect of exergaming on executive functions in children with ADHD: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Benzing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125221098324","article-title":"Enhancing executive functions and handwriting with a concentrative coordination exercise in children with ADHD: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"129","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000373","article-title":"Aerobic exercise and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: brain research","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2019.1612041","article-title":"Swimming training improves mental health parameters, cognition and motor coordination in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2025.09.010","article-title":"The effects of combined exercise on working memory in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/oti\/4254970","article-title":"Effects of inline skating exercise on symptoms, executive functions, and motor proficiency in children with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2025","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Occup Ther Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/40438","article-title":"The effects of exergaming on attention in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020204","article-title":"Effect of taekwondo practice on cognitive function in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"16","author":"Kadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib140","article-title":"Effects of combination exercises on electroencephalography and frontal lobe executive function measures in children with ADHD: a pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res-India"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14192","article-title":"The impacts of a combined exercise on executive function in children with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-025-01745-4","article-title":"The effects of physical activity on mental health in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103156","article-title":"Behavioral and neurocognitive effects of judo training on working memory capacity in children with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Ludyga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003110","article-title":"Martial arts and cognitive control in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and children born very preterm: a combined analysis of two randomized controlled trials","volume":"55","author":"Ludyga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib98","first-page":"373","article-title":"Effects of a selected exercise programon executive function of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"9","author":"Memarmoghaddam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1912600","article-title":"The effect of physical activity with and without cognitive demand on the improvement of executive functions and behavioral symptoms in children with ADHD","volume":"21","author":"Nejati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.06.009","article-title":"A racket-sport intervention improves behavioral and cognitive performance in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"57","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.06.021","article-title":"Effects of Integrated Brain, Body, and Social (IBBS) intervention on ERP measures of attentional control in children with ADHD","volume":"278","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2024.09.001","article-title":"Effectiveness of a game-based high-intensity interval training on executive function and other health indicators of children with ADHD: a three-arm partially-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exerc Sci Fit"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720000288","article-title":"An integrated program of computer-presented and physical cognitive training exercises for children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"51","author":"Wexler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.12.005","article-title":"Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD","volume":"38","author":"Ziereis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2020.1827673","article-title":"Comprehensive attention training system (CATS): a computerized executive-functioning training for school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211014990","article-title":"A preliminary randomized, controlled trial of executive function training for children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"26","author":"Faja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04723-w","article-title":"Pilot study of an attention and executive function cognitive intervention in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"51","author":"Macoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2023.0240","article-title":"The impact of virtual reality intervention on emotion regulation and executive functions in autistic children","volume":"14","author":"Sepehri Bonab","year":"2025","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12324","article-title":"Working memory and cognitive flexibility-training for children with an autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"de Vries","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2023.2258247","article-title":"The impact of ILF neurofeedback on inhibitory control in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: preliminary evidence of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Esmaeilzadeh Kanafgourabi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2025.05.015","article-title":"Effect of physical activities on cognition and the ability to perform a dual task in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"43","author":"Hashempour Alooche","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068184","article-title":"A Chinese mind-body exercise improves self-control of children with autism: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib65","first-page":"17","article-title":"Effect of aquatic therapy on motor skill and executive function in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"45","author":"Faraji","year":"2023","journal-title":"South Afr J Res Sport, Phys Educ Recreat"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2019.0180","article-title":"The effects of physical activity and exergaming on motor skills and executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Rafiei Milajerdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316633562","article-title":"The impacts of physical activity intervention on physical and cognitive outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2025.2465600","article-title":"Effects of Movement and Sedentary Play interventions on executive functioning and their relationships with sensory, repetitive, and negative behaviors of children with ASD - a pilot RCT","volume":"47","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318823910","article-title":"Examining the impact of physical activity on sleep quality and executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Tse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002609","article-title":"Improving executive function of children with autism spectrum disorder through cycling skill acquisition","volume":"53","author":"Tse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231168944","article-title":"The relationships among executive functions, self-regulation, and physical exercise in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"28","author":"Tse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-118.3.179","article-title":"Computerized memory training leads to sustained improvement in visuospatial short-term memory skills in children with Down syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Bennett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.02.022","article-title":"Math practice and its influence on math skills and executive functions in adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disability","volume":"34","author":"Jansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8582","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188582","article-title":"Effect of game-based cognitive training programs on cognitive learning of children with intellectual disabilities","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-122.2.97","article-title":"Impact of attention training on academic achievement, executive functioning, and behavior: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"122","author":"Kirk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2010.01285.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of a computerised working memory training in adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities","volume":"54","author":"Van der Molen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib135","first-page":"2287","article-title":"The effectiveness of racket-sport intervention on visual perception and executive functions in children with mild intellectual disabilities and borderline intellectual functioning","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.12.032","article-title":"Program of arithmetic improvement by means of cognitive enhancement: an intervention in children with special educational needs","volume":"38","author":"Dea\u00f1o","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2012.677666","article-title":"Effects of neurofeedback training on attention in children with intellectual disability","volume":"16","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurother"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2016.1205592","article-title":"Differential effects of assisted cycling therapy on short-term and working memory of adolescents with Down syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Holzapfel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cognit Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12826","article-title":"Effects of classroom-based active breaks on cognition, sitting and on-task behaviour in children with intellectual disability: a pilot study","volume":"65","author":"Mazzoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib107","article-title":"Effects of a physical education intervention on attention and inhibitory control in Ecuadorian children with intellectual disabilities","volume":"28","author":"Piedra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2024.104759","article-title":"Effects of aquatic exercise intervention on executive function and brain-derived neurotrophic factor of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"150","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104196","article-title":"Effect of Wii Fit training on visual perception and executive function in boys with developmental coordination disorders: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Hashemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.05.001","article-title":"The effectiveness of exercise intervention on inhibitory control in children with developmental coordination disorder: using a visuospatial attention paradigm as a model","volume":"30","author":"Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.02.004","article-title":"Effects of exercise intervention on event-related potential and task performance indices of attention networks in children with developmental coordination disorder","volume":"79","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/act081","article-title":"Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness enhancement on deficits in visuospatial working memory in children with developmental coordination disorder: a cognitive electrophysiological study","volume":"29","author":"Tsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.10.023","article-title":"Computerized working memory training: can it lead to gains in cognitive skills in students?","volume":"29","author":"Alloway","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-018-9410-8","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of cognitive rehabilitation and neurofeedback on sustained attention among elementary school students with specific learning disorder: a preliminary randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"43","author":"Azizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512519836811","article-title":"Effects of a motor intervention program on motor skills and executive functions in children with learning disabilities","volume":"126","author":"Emami Kashfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182a532b3","article-title":"Effect of a ball skill intervention on children's ball skills and cognitive functions","volume":"46","author":"Westendorp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.10.007","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive difficulties in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Lambez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-012-0355-9","article-title":"Consensus paper: pathological role of the cerebellum in autism","volume":"11","author":"Fatemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01135-6","article-title":"The impact of exercise interventions concerning executive functions of children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028228","article-title":"Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review","volume":"49","author":"Melby-Lerv\u00e5g","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00428-w","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations","volume":"22","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104418","article-title":"Effectiveness of digital game-based trainings in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231218925","article-title":"Treating executive function in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions","volume":"28","author":"Wilens","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2015.1026356","article-title":"Efficacy of working memory training in children and adolescents with learning disabilities: a review study and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Peijnenborgh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib167","first-page":"216","article-title":"Effects of participant functioning level on brain functional connectivity in autism","volume":"4","author":"Uddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.11.005","article-title":"Conclusions about interventions, programs, and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that, despite much hype, do not","volume":"18","author":"Diamond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"}],"container-title":["eClinicalMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537026004815?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589537026004815?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T05:51:35Z","timestamp":1793944295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589537026004815"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":167,"alternative-id":["S2589537026004815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Non-pharmacological executive function interventions for children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eClinicalMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.104228","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104228"}}