{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:33:24Z","timestamp":1785825204182,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,20]],"date-time":"2004-03-20T16:11:47Z","timestamp":1079799107000},"page":"7-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Assessment of environmental stressors potentially responsible for malformations in North American anuran amphibians"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Gerald T.","family":"Ankley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.J.","family":"Degitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.A.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.E.","family":"Tietge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB1","unstructured":"Ankley, G.T., 1996. Are increases in UV light a plausible factor contributing to amphibian deformities? Third Annual Meeting of the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program, Internet Meeting, http:\/\/www.im.nbs.gov\/naamp3.html"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1897\/1551-5028(1998)017<2530:EOULAM>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of ultraviolet light and methoprene on survival and development of Rana pipiens","volume":"17","author":"Ankley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-78-6-1092","article-title":"Effects of laboratory ultraviolet radiation and natural sunlight on survival and development of Rana pipiens","volume":"78","author":"Ankley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1021\/es011195t","article-title":"Assessment of the risk of solar ultraviolet radiation to amphibians. I. Dose-dependent induction of hindlimb malformation in northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens)","volume":"36","author":"Ankley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB5","series-title":"Invertebrate Zoology","author":"Barnes","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2003)001[0087:TCODA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The complexity of deformed amphibians","volume":"1","author":"Blaustein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.5.1791","article-title":"UV repair and resistance to solar UVB in amphibian eggs","volume":"91","author":"Blaustein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.2307\/1941981","article-title":"Ambient ultraviolet radiation causes mortality in salamander eggs","volume":"5","author":"Blaustein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13735","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.13735","article-title":"Ambient UV-B radiation causes deformities in amphibian embryos","volume":"94","author":"Blaustein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB10","series-title":"UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems","first-page":"291","article-title":"UVR-induced DNA damage in aquatic organisms","author":"Buma","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.106-1533234","article-title":"Induction of mortality and malformation in Xenopus laevis embryos by water sources associated with field frog deformities","volume":"106","author":"Burkhart","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0010883","article-title":"Strategies for assessing the implications of malformed frogs for environmental health","volume":"108","author":"Burkhart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB13","first-page":"877","article-title":"Regenerative growth in the urodele forelimb following ultraviolet radiation","volume":"15","author":"Butler","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(63)90119-2","article-title":"Supernumerary limbs of urodele larvae resulting from localized ultraviolet light","volume":"7","author":"Butler","year":"1963","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030500304","article-title":"The localized character of ultraviolet effects on the urodele forelimb","volume":"50","author":"Butler","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Cell. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/57.2.264","article-title":"Stage- and species-specific developmental toxicity of all-trans retinoic acid in four native North American ranids and Xenopus laevis","volume":"57","author":"Degitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(03)00022-5","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of methoprene and several degradation products in Xenopus laevis","volume":"64","author":"Degitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg098","article-title":"Comparing the effects of stage and duration of retinoic acid exposure on amphibian limb development","volume":"74","author":"Degitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1021\/es011197d","article-title":"Assessment of the risk of solar ultraviolet radiation to amphibians. III. Prediction of impacts in selected northern midwestern wetlands","volume":"36","author":"Diamond","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB20","series-title":"Ozone Science: A Canadian Perspective on the Changing Ozone Layer","first-page":"73","article-title":"The influence of ozone and other factors on surface radiation","author":"Fioletov","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620181027","article-title":"Effects of pond water, sediments, and sediment extracts from minnesota and vermont USA, on early development and metamorphosis of Xenopus","volume":"18","author":"Fort","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1897\/1551-5028(1999)018<2316:PTICOM>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Progress toward identifying causes of maldevelopment induced in Xenopus by pond water and sediment extracts from minnesota, USA environ","volume":"18","author":"Fort","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.845","article-title":"Mineral deficiency and the use of the FETAX bioassay to study environmental teratogens","volume":"22","author":"Garber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EMAS.0000003565.25474.8f","article-title":"Low levels of sodium and potassium in the water from wetlands in Minnesota that contained malformed frogs affect the rate of Xenopus development","volume":"90","author":"Garber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Monitor. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(19990701)284:2<207::AID-JEZ10>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Environmentally induced limb malformation in mink frogs (Rana septentrionalis)","volume":"284","author":"Gardiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1139\/z95-271","article-title":"Effects of ultraviolet radiation on life-history stages of anurans from Ontario, Canada","volume":"73","author":"Grant","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6157","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.13.6157","article-title":"Activation of mammalian retinoid X receptors by the insect growth regulator methoprene","volume":"92","author":"Harmon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03090.x","article-title":"Developmental responses of amphibians to solar and UVB sources","volume":"64","author":"Hays","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB29","first-page":"96","article-title":"Field investigations of malformed frogs in Minnesota 1993\u201397","volume":"107","author":"Helgen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Iowa Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB30","first-page":"214","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between s-methoprene and deformities in anurans","volume":"18","author":"Henrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1029\/96GL01958","article-title":"UV-B increases (1979\u20131992) from decreases in total ozone","volume":"23","author":"Herman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB32","series-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Pathology of Reptiles and Amphibians","first-page":"77","article-title":"Mortality and population declines associated with a Minnesota malformed frog site","author":"Hoppe","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB33","series-title":"Status and Conservation of US Amphibians","article-title":"Linking malformations to amphibian declines","author":"Hoppe","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB34","series-title":"Status and Conservation of US Amphibians","article-title":"Trematode parasites and limb malformations in the western United States","author":"Johnson","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5415.802","article-title":"The effect of trematode infection on amphibian limb development and survivorship","volume":"284","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-79-3-370","article-title":"Ribeiroia ondatrae (Trematoda:Digenea) infection induces severe limb malformations in western toads (Bufo boreas)","volume":"79","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2002)072[0151:PROILT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States","volume":"72","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1126\/science.262.5136.1032","article-title":"Evidence for large upward trends of ultraviolet-b radiation linked to ozone depletion","volume":"262","author":"Kerr","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.152098899","article-title":"Synergism between trematode infection and pesticide exposure","volume":"99","author":"Kiesecker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB40","first-page":"2275","article-title":"Determination of the insect growth regulator methoprene in natural waters by capillary gas\u2013liquid chromatography","volume":"18","author":"Knuth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB41","series-title":"Morphogenesis and Malformation of the Limb","first-page":"111","article-title":"Cellular basis in congenital limb deformity induced in mice by vitamin A","author":"Kochhar","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770040407","article-title":"Comparative teratogenic activity of two retinoids","volume":"4","author":"Kochhar","year":"1984","journal-title":"Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1021\/es971024h","article-title":"Photoproducts and metabolites of a common insect growth regulator produce developmental deformities in Xenopus","volume":"32","author":"La Clair","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB44","series-title":"Multiple Stressor Effects in Relation to Declining Amphibian Populations, ASTM STP 1443","first-page":"233","article-title":"Multiple causes for the malformed frog phenomenon","author":"Lannoo","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1995.951301.x","article-title":"A pH\/UV-B synergism in amphibians","volume":"9","author":"Long","year":"1995","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(83)90370-6","article-title":"The effect of vitamin a on limb regeneration in Rana temporaria","volume":"98","author":"Maden","year":"1983","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB47","first-page":"132","article-title":"Retinoids and the control of pattern in regenerating limbs","volume":"113","author":"Maden","year":"1985","journal-title":"CIBA Found. Symp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5434.1709","article-title":"Increased summertime UV radiation in New Zealand in response to ozone loss","volume":"285","author":"McKenzie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9926(200009)62:3<151::AID-TERA3>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Hind limb malformations in free-living northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) from Maine, Minnesota, and Vermont suggest multiple etiologies","volume":"62","author":"Meteyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB50","unstructured":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, 2002. North American Reporting Center for Amphibian Malformations, Jamestown, ND, http:\/\/www.npwrc.usgs.gov.narcam"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB51","series-title":"Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles","first-page":"617","article-title":"Amphibian deformities","author":"Ouellet","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.1.95","article-title":"Hindlimb deformities (ectromelia, ectrodactyly) in free-living anurans from agricultural habitats","volume":"33","author":"Ouellet","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1725","article-title":"Carry-over effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on larval fitness in Rana temporaria","volume":"268","author":"Pahkala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1021\/es011196l","article-title":"Assessment of the risk of solar ultraviolet radiation to amphibians. II. In situ characterization of exposure in amphibian habitats","volume":"36","author":"Peterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050940205","article-title":"The effects of ultraviolet, and the photorecovery, on the developing forelimb of Amblystoma","volume":"94","author":"Rieck","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5436","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.12.5436","article-title":"Limb and lower-body duplications induced by retinoic acid in mice","volume":"91","author":"Rutledge","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01953055","article-title":"The evolutionary conservation of eukaryotic gene transcription","volume":"45","author":"Schena","year":"1989","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoff, P.K., Ankley, G.T., 2004. Effects of methoprene, its metabolites, and breakdown products on retinoid-activated pathways in transfected cell lines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., in press.","DOI":"10.1897\/03-117"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.510","article-title":"Prevalence of skeletal and eye malformations in frogs from north-central United States","volume":"39","author":"Schoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1994.1198","article-title":"Enhanced expression of limb malformations and axial skeleton alterations in legless mutants by transplacental exposure to retinoic acid","volume":"164","author":"Scott","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402540107","article-title":"Explanation of naturally occurring supernumerary limbs in amphibians","volume":"254","author":"Sessions","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5415.800","article-title":"Morphological clues from multilegged frogs","volume":"284","author":"Sessions","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420050115","article-title":"Morphogenesis of malformations in hamsters caused by retinoic acid","volume":"5","author":"Shenefelt","year":"1972","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950180803","article-title":"Retinoic acid, HOX genes and the anterior\u2013posterior axis in chordates","volume":"18","author":"Shimeld","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB65","series-title":"A Plague of Frogs","author":"Souder","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB66","first-page":"90","article-title":"Field evidence for linking Altosid applications with increased amphibian deformities in southern leopard frogs","volume":"107","author":"Sparling","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Iowa Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9926(200009)62:3<147::AID-TERA2>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Frog limb deformities","volume":"62","author":"Stocum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.10173","article-title":"How trematodes cause limb deformities in amphibians","volume":"294","author":"Stopper","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02740674","article-title":"Retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors in development","volume":"10","author":"Sucov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103.Supplement.213","article-title":"Teratogens and craniofacial malformation","volume":"103","author":"Sulik","year":"1988","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/296564a0","article-title":"Local application of retinoic acid to the limb bud mimics the action of the polarizing region","volume":"296","author":"Tickle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB72","unstructured":"Tietge, J.E., Lannoo, M., Beasley, V., 1996. Summary of a workshop on central North American amphibian deformities. Third Annual Meeting of the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program, Internet Meeting, http:\/\/www.im.nbs.gov\/naamp3.html"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1897\/1551-5028(2000)019<2114:EOWQOD>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of water quality on development of Xenopus laevis","volume":"19","author":"Tietge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2001)074<0261:ASURCM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ambient solar UV-B causes mortality in larvae of three species of Rana","volume":"74","author":"Tietge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/345819a0","article-title":"Polarizing activity and retinoid synthesis in the floor plate of the neural tube","volume":"345","author":"Wagner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(75)90175-7","article-title":"Photoreactivation of potentially lethal, UV-induced damage to boreal toad (Bufo boreas boreas) tadpoles","volume":"17","author":"Worrest","year":"1975","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1976.tb06840.x","article-title":"Distortions in amphibian development induced by ultraviolet-B enhancement (290\u2013315nm) of a simulated solar spectrum","volume":"24","author":"Worrest","year":"1976","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651304000168?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651304000168?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T05:14:47Z","timestamp":1623734087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147651304000168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0147651304000168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-6513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}}}