{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T14:40:36Z","timestamp":1791729636549,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T12:37:53Z","timestamp":1528807073000},"page":"409-419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":249,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Promoting the productivity and quality of brinjal aligned with heavy metals immobilization in a wastewater irrigated heavy metal polluted soil with biochar and chitosan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Veysel","family":"Turan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahbaz Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Mahmood-ur-Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia Muhammad Adnan","family":"Ramzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.03.029","article-title":"Physical features, phenolic compounds, betalains and total antioxidant capacity of coloured quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) from Peruvian Altiplano","volume":"183","author":"Abderrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.01.051","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from local sources","volume":"99","author":"Abdou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib3","first-page":"83","article-title":"Effect of untreated olive mill wastewater on seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical of maize (Zea mays L.)","volume":"10","author":"Abou-Hassan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Der. Pharma. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.02.026","article-title":"Temporal variations and spatial distributions of heavy metals in a wastewater-irrigated soil-eggplant system and associated influencing factors","volume":"153","author":"Ai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib5","first-page":"102","article-title":"Effect of wastewater on physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"43","author":"Akhtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interciencia J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib6","unstructured":"Alcamo, J., Henrichs, T., R\u00f6sch, T., 2017. World water in 2025: Global modeling and scenario analysis for the world commission on water for the 21st century."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7400","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707400","article-title":"Toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in a controlled environment","volume":"12","author":"Alia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allison, L.E., Moodie, C.D. 1965. Carbonate. In: Black CA (ed) Methods soil analysis part 2: chemical and microbiological properties. Am Soc Agron Madison USA, pp. 1379\u20131396.","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.c40"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2014.12.003","article-title":"Conocarpus biochar as a soil amendment for reducing heavy metal availability and uptake by maize plants","volume":"22","author":"Al-Wabel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib10","series-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official\u2019s Analytical Chemists","author":"AOAC","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib11","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"APHA (American Public Health Association)","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-017-1102-6","article-title":"Utilization of a novel chitosan\/clay\/biochar nanobiocomposite for immobilization of heavy metals in acid soil environment","volume":"26","author":"Arabyarmohammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14010094","article-title":"A new strategy for heavy metal polluted environments: a review of microbial biosorbents","volume":"14","author":"Ayangbenro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3906\/bot-1608-33","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and oxidative stress impact of Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cr heavy metals in two bryophyte species, Pleurochaete squarrosa and Timmiella barbuloides","volume":"41","author":"Aydo\u011fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. J. Bot."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib15","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Impact of treated wastewater on soil hydraulic properties and vegetable crop under irrigation with treated wastewater, field study and statistical analysis","volume":"37","author":"Balkhair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib16","first-page":"S32","article-title":"Field accumulation risks of heavy metals in soil and vegetable crop irrigated with sewage water in western region of Saudi Arabia. Saud","volume":"23","author":"Balkhair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-016-9842-0","article-title":"Efficacy of woody biomass and biochar for alleviating heavy metal bioavail- ability in serpentine soil","volume":"39","author":"Bandara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.06.019","article-title":"Synthesis of biochar from residues after biogas production with respect to cadmium and nickel removal from wastewater","volume":"201","author":"Bogusz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.114","article-title":"An efficient antioxidant system and heavy metal exclusion from leaves make Solanum cheesmaniae more tolerant to Cu than its cultivated counterpart","volume":"6","author":"Branco-Neves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Energy Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.98.4.1222","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency and high light intensity enhance activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in bean leaves","volume":"98","author":"Cakmak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4939-y","article-title":"Roles of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) genes in stress response of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) against Cu and Zn heavy metal stresses","volume":"187","author":"Cansaran-Duman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib23","first-page":"432","article-title":"Accumulation of heavy metals in wastewater irrigated crops in Madurai, India","volume":"6","author":"Chandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2001.652491x","article-title":"Comparison of three aqua regia digestion methods for twenty Florida soils","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of biochar produced from different pyrolysis temperature on nutrient retention and leaching","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08571-0","article-title":"Cu-chitosan nanoparticle boost defense responses and plant growth in maize (Zea mays L.)","volume":"7","author":"Choudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(01)00332-6","article-title":"Removal of copper from aqueous solution by chitosan in prawn shell: adsorption equilibrium and kinetics","volume":"90","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1501\/Tarimbil_0000001416","article-title":"Cadmium toxicity and its effects on growth and metal nutrient ion accumulation in Solanaceae plants","volume":"22","author":"Cikili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tar\u0131m Bilim. Derg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2011.12.011","article-title":"Treated municipal wastewater reuse in vegetable production","volume":"104","author":"Cirelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2014.00053","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants","volume":"2","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2005.06.007","article-title":"Adsorptive separation of heavy metals from an aquatic environment using orange waste","volume":"79","author":"Dhakal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/34.5.537","article-title":"Effect of low salt concentration on nitrate reductase a n d peroxidase of sugar beet leaves","volume":"34","author":"Dias","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/01448765.2017.1388847","article-title":"Amendment of a hardwood biochar with compost tea: effects on plant growth, insect damage and the functional diversity of soil microbial communities","volume":"34","author":"Edenborn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Agric. Hortic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib34","first-page":"45","article-title":"Methods of soil, plant, and water analysis. Third edition: a manual for the West Asia and North Africa region","author":"Estefan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Cent. Agric. Res. Dry Areas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.08.072","article-title":"A novel method for the sequential removal and separation of multiple heavy metals from wastewater","volume":"342","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2017.1360488","article-title":"Is sewage sludge biochar capable of replacing inorganic fertilizers for corn production? Evidence from a two-year field experiment","volume":"64","author":"Faria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib37","first-page":"45","article-title":"SOD, cat, GR and APX enzyme activities in callus tissues of susceptible and tolerant eggplant varieties under salt stress","volume":"8","author":"Fikret","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. J. Biotech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.01.038","article-title":"Effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on soil properties, switchgrass biomass production and quality under arid climate","volume":"99","author":"Ganjegunte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib39","series-title":"Methods of Soil Analysis","first-page":"383","article-title":"Particle-size analysis","author":"Gee","year":"1986"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380600729089","article-title":"Application of chitosan for the removal of metals from wastewaters by adsorption\u2014mechanisms and models review","volume":"37","author":"Gerente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B0820373","article-title":"Seed priming with chitosan improves maize germination and seedling growth in relation to physiological changes under low temperature stress","volume":"10","author":"Guan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Zhej. Uni. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2003.10.004","article-title":"Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review","volume":"38","author":"Guibal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib43","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effect of biochar application on seed germination and seedling growth of Glycine max (l.) Merr. Under drought stress","volume":"49","author":"Hafeez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11816-011-0189-9","article-title":"Nitric oxide modulates antioxidant defense and the methylglyoxal detoxification system and reduces salinity induced damage of wheat seedlings","volume":"5","author":"Hasanuzzaman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010178","article-title":"Effects of Chitosan\u2013PVA and Cu nanoparticles on the growth and antioxidant capacity of tomato under saline stress","volume":"23","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri301","article-title":"Increased sensitivity to salt stress in ascorbate-deficient Arabidopsis mutant","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.12.137","article-title":"Influence of pH on heavy metal speciation and removal from wastewater using micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration","volume":"173","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030494","article-title":"Potential of Cassia alata L. coupled with biochar for heavy metal stabilization in multi-metal mine tailings","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4525","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-017-0604-7","article-title":"Development of biochar and chitosan blend for heavy metals uptake from synthetic and industrial wastewater","volume":"7","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib50","first-page":"251","article-title":"Biochar mitigates cadmium stress on alfalfa seeds during germination","volume":"6","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Prog. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trace metals accumulation in soil irrigated with polluted water and assessment of human health risk from vegetable consumption in Bangladesh","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib52","series-title":"Soil Testing and Plant Analysis","first-page":"389","article-title":"Sampling, handling, and analyzing plant tissue samples","author":"Jones","year":"1990"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy5030322","article-title":"The electrochemical properties of biochars and how they affect soil redox properties and processes","volume":"5","author":"Joseph","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib54","unstructured":"Kamari, A., Pulford, I.D., Hargreaves, J.S.J., 2010. Chitosan-assisted phytoextraction of heavy metal from lead\/zinc tailings using Lolium perenne\u2013A preliminary study. In\u00a0Edited by: Barga\u0144ska, \u017b. Poland, In: Proceedings of 15th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.08.019","article-title":"Chitosan as a potential amendment to remediate metal contaminated soil\u2014a characterisation study","volume":"82","author":"Kamari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0670-2","article-title":"Immobilisation of metals in a contaminated soil with biochar-compost mixtures and inorganic additives: 2-year greenhouse and field experiments","volume":"25","author":"Karer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.07.097","article-title":"Potential of miscanthus biochar to improve sandy soil health, in situ nickel immobilization in soil and nutritional quality of spinach","volume":"185","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2016.06.001","article-title":"Agricultural production, water use and food availability in Pakistan: historical trends, and projections to 2050","volume":"179","author":"Kirby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15436\/2378-6841.15.021","article-title":"Effects of treated sugar mill effluent irrigation on soil and hybrid cultivar of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under field conditions","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40003-021-00546-y","article-title":"Agronomical performance of high yielding cultivar of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) grown in sewage sludge amended soil","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Agric."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib61","first-page":"2299","article-title":"Growth response of Solanum melongena in three different adsorbents irrigated with sugar mill effluent","volume":"4","author":"Madan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17070996","article-title":"Chitosan effects on plant systems","volume":"17","author":"Malerba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib63","series-title":"Wastewater Use in Peri-urban Agriculture: Impacts and Opportunities","first-page":"75","author":"Minhas","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib64","first-page":"508","article-title":"Biochar production and applications in soil fertility and carbon sequestration\u2013a sustainable solution to crop-residue burning in India","volume":"8","author":"Mohan","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.01.104","article-title":"Biochar filters reduced the toxic effects of nickel on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) grown in nutrient film technique hydroponic system","volume":"149","author":"Mosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy3020313","article-title":"Biochar impacts on soil physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"3","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076232","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts","volume":"22","author":"Nakano","year":"1981","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib68","series-title":"Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Methods. 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph 9","first-page":"539","article-title":"Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter","author":"Nelson","year":"1982"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2018.701.276","article-title":"Rhizoremediation\u2013plant microbe interactions in the removal of pollutants","volume":"7","author":"Oberai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib70","series-title":"Official Methods of Analysis","author":"OMA","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib71","article-title":"Effects of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium applied with irrigation water on some eggplant plant growth parameters and soil properties","volume":"3","author":"\u00d6zkay","year":"2014","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk. Tar\u0131m\u00a0Do\u011fa. Bilim."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib72","first-page":"456","article-title":"Effect of chitosan based superabsorbent on water retention behaviour of soil and seedling growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)","volume":"44","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.022","article-title":"Biochar improves maize growth by alleviation of nutrient stress in a moderately acidic low-input Nepalese soil","volume":"625","author":"Pandit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.01.087","article-title":"Study of metal transport through pine bark for reutilization as a bio-sorbent","volume":"149","author":"Paradelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for heavy metal removal: a review","volume":"6","author":"Patra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.02.011","article-title":"Produced water reuse for irrigation of non-food biofuel crops: effects on switchgrass and rapeseed germination, physiology and biomass yield","volume":"100","author":"Pica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indus. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4186\/ej.2017.21.3.63","article-title":"Properties of biochar prepared from acacia wood and coconut shell for soil amendment","volume":"21","author":"Pituya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib78","first-page":"188","article-title":"Biochar amendment reduces oxidative stress in lettuce grown under copper excess","volume":"59","author":"Quartacci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agrochimica"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.01.043","article-title":"Engineered\/designer biochar for contaminant removal\/immobilization from soil and water: potential and implication of biochar modification","volume":"148","author":"Rajapaksha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2017.07.022","article-title":"In situ immobilization of Cd by organic amendments and their effect on antioxidant enzyme defense mechanism in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings","volume":"118","author":"Ramzani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2017.05.003","article-title":"Improved quinoa growth, physiological response, and seed nutritional quality in three soils having different stresses by the application of acidified biochar and compost","volume":"116","author":"Ramzani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(84)90344-0","article-title":"The pyrogallol assay for superoxide dismutase: absence of a glutathione artifact","volume":"137","author":"Roth","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib83","first-page":"894","article-title":"Effect of wastewater irrigation on soil and some selected vegetables grown in Asansol, West Bengal","volume":"6","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inter. J. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.23986\/afsci.59308","article-title":"The potential of biochar for reducing the negative effects of soil contamination on the phytochemical properties and heavy metal accumulation in wheat grain","volume":"26","author":"R\u00f3\u017cy\u0142o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Food Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib85","first-page":"110","article-title":"Study of biochemical characteristics of spinach irrigated with industrial waste water of Bhiwadi, Rajasthan India","volume":"4","author":"Saini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.11.022","article-title":"Assessment of nickel bioavailability through chemical extractants and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in an amended soil: related changes in various parameters of red clover","volume":"149","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib87","first-page":"256","article-title":"Improvement in productivity, nutritional quality, and antioxidative defense mechanisms of sunflower (Helianthus annuus\u00a0L.) and maize (Zea mays\u00a0L.) in nickel contaminated soil amended with different biochar and zeolite ratios","volume":"218","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ.\u00a0Manage."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-014-0713-x","article-title":"Impact of various amendments on immobilization and phytoavailability of nickel and zinc in a contaminated floodplain soil","volume":"12","author":"Shaheen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10091101","article-title":"Modification of 13X molecular sieve by chitosan for adsorptive removal of cadmium from simulated wastewater","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib90","unstructured":"Shilev, S., Babrikov, T., 2005. Heavy metal accumulation in Solanaceae-plants grown at contaminated area. In Proceedings of the Balkan scientific conference of biology in Plovdiv (Bulgaria) from 19th till 21st. pp. 452\u2013460."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2014.06.022","article-title":"Growth, photosynthesis and oxidative responses of Solanum melongena L. seedlings to cadmium stress: mechanism of toxicity amelioration by kinetin","volume":"176","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib92","series-title":"Principles and Procedures of Statistics. A Bio-metrical Approach","author":"Steel","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.025","article-title":"The role of biochar porosity and surface functionality in augmenting hydrologic properties of a sandy soil","volume":"574","author":"Suliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2016.08.011","article-title":"Evaluation of modified chitosan for remediation of zinc contaminated soils","volume":"182","author":"Tripathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5499-5","article-title":"Sorption kinetics of zinc and nickel on modified chitosan","volume":"188","author":"Tripathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib96","first-page":"1","article-title":"Alleviation of nickel toxicity and an improvement in zinc bioavailability in sunflower seed with chitosan and biochar application in pH adjusted nickel contaminated soil","author":"Turan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-017-1384-1","article-title":"Health risk of heavy metals from vegetables irrigated with sewage water in peri-urban of Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan","volume":"15","author":"Ullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12090","article-title":"Suitability of biochars (pyro\u2010and hydrochars) for metal immobilization on former sewage\u2010field soils","volume":"65","author":"Wagner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12246","article-title":"Biochar addition enhanced growth of Dactylis glomerata L. and immobilized Zn and Cd but mobilized Cu and Pb on a former sewage field soil","volume":"66","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.05.102","article-title":"Leachability and heavy metal speciation of 17- year old stabilised\/solidified contaminated site soils","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.01.012","article-title":"Characterization and toxicology evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles on the embryonic development of zebrafish, (Daniorerio)","volume":"141","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9128","DOI":"10.1021\/jf503207s","article-title":"Grafting of gallic acid onto 656 chitosan enhances antioxidant activities and alters rheological properties of the copolymer","volume":"62","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3390\/su10020338","article-title":"How Human Activities Affect Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil and Sediment in a Long-Term Reclaimed Area of the Liaohe River Delta, North China","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.201400325","article-title":"Growth, survival, and heavy metal (Cd and Ni) uptake of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and fenugreek (Trigonella corniculata) in a biochar\u2010amended sewage\u2010irrigated contaminated soil","volume":"178","author":"Younis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5165","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010697n","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agr. Food Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12944","article-title":"Enhanced growth of halophyte plants in biochar\u2010amended coastal soil: roles of nutrient availability and rhizosphere microbial modulation","volume":"41","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.07.036","article-title":"Sorption of heavy metals on chitosan-modified biochars and its biological effects","volume":"231","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-016-9841-1","article-title":"Health risk assessment of potentially harmful elements and dietary minerals from vegetables irrigated with untreated wastewater, Pakistan","volume":"39","author":"Zia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.01.009","article-title":"Protective effect of chitosan on photosynthesis and antioxidative defense system in edible rape (Brassica rapa L.) in the presence of cadmium","volume":"138","author":"Zong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651318304664?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651318304664?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T04:50:03Z","timestamp":1758948603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147651318304664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["S0147651318304664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-6513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Promoting the productivity and quality of brinjal aligned with heavy metals immobilization in a wastewater irrigated heavy metal polluted soil with biochar and chitosan","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}