{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:37:19Z","timestamp":1793223439114,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T17:10:46Z","timestamp":1600189846000},"page":"111309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of harvest time and desalination of feedstock on Spartina alterniflora biochar and its efficiency for Cd2+ removal from aqueous solution"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"207","author":[{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijing","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lusan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuixuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.133","article-title":"Removal of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by biochars derived from potassium-rich biomass","volume":"180","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.01.079","article-title":"Influence of temperature and duration of pyrolysis on the property heterogeneity of rice straw biochar and optimization of pyrolysis conditions for its application in soils","volume":"215","author":"Chandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib3","first-page":"260","article-title":"Characteristics of anaerobic digestion and physico-chemical properties of Spartina alterniflora at different growth stages","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. CSAE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.04.052","article-title":"Adsorption of cadmium by biochar derived from municipal sewage sludge: impact factors and adsorption mechanism","volume":"134","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.141","article-title":"Characteristics of wood-derived biochars produced at different temperatures before and after deashing: their different potential advantages in environmental applications","volume":"651","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2015.11.045","article-title":"Adsorption of Cd by peanut husks and peanut husk biochar from aqueous solutions","volume":"87","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-017-0921-y","article-title":"Performance and mechanism for cadmium and lead adsorption from water and soil by corn straw biochar","volume":"11","author":"Chi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.09.022","article-title":"Capacity and mechanisms of ammonium and cadmium sorption on different wetland-plant derived biochars","volume":"539","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.06.050","article-title":"High adsorption performance for As(III) and As(V) onto novel aluminum-enriched biochar derived from abandoned Tetra Paks","volume":"208","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2006.11.030","article-title":"The effect of alkali metals on combustion and pyrolysis of Lolium and Festuca grasses, switchgrass and willow","volume":"86","author":"Fahmi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.09.138","article-title":"Relative distribution of Cd2+ adsorption mechanisms on biochars derived from rice straw and sewage sludge","volume":"272","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.10.007","article-title":"Characterization of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by biochar produced from Ipomoea fistulosa at different pyrolytic temperatures","volume":"97","author":"Goswami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2013.05.007","article-title":"The influence of harvest and storage on the properties of and fast pyrolysis products from Miscanthus x giganteus","volume":"56","author":"Greenhalf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.03.024","article-title":"Miscanthus as a feedstock for fast-pyrolysis: does agronomic treatment affect quality?","volume":"101","author":"Hodgson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.11.138","article-title":"Chemical composition and methane yield of reed canary grass as influenced by harvesting time and harvest frequency","volume":"130","author":"Kandel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.03.186","article-title":"Characterization of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by biochar produced from a giant Miscanthus at different pyrolytic temperatures","volume":"138","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2003.1274","article-title":"Environment and harvest time affects the combustion qualities of Miscanthus genotypes","volume":"95","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S1161-0301(02)00018-7","article-title":"Delayed harvest of miscanthus\u2014influences on biomass quantity and quality and environmental impacts of energy production","volume":"19","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.12.032","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of Pb(II) by activated carbon prepared from Spartina alterniflora: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.12.096","article-title":"Cu(II) removal from aqueous solution by Spartina alterniflora derived biochar","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.06.023","article-title":"The effect of several activated biochars on Cd immobilization and microbial community composition during in-situ remediation of heavy metal contaminated sediment","volume":"208","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2012.12.107","article-title":"Spatial distribution of an invasive plant Spartina alterniflora and its potential as biofuels in China","volume":"52","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.03.075","article-title":"A novel modification of lignin on corncob-based biochar to enhance removal of cadmium from water","volume":"259","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2007.01.020","article-title":"Sorption of arsenic, cadmium, and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production","volume":"310","author":"Mohan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120162","article-title":"Different alkaline minerals interacted with biomass carbon during pyrolysis: which one improved biochar carbon sequestration?","volume":"255","author":"Nan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.08.122","article-title":"Environmental application of biochar: current status and perspectives","volume":"246","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.07.004","article-title":"Enhanced adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) by phosphoric acid-modified biochars","volume":"229","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.04.087","article-title":"Catalytic pyrolysis of demineralized lignocellulosic biomass","volume":"252","author":"Persson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.10.056","article-title":"Biochars derived from wasted marine macro-algae (Saccharina japonica and Sargassum fusiforme) and their potential for heavy metal removal in aqueous solution","volume":"206","author":"Poo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.07.033","article-title":"Thermal stability of biochar and its effects on cadmium sorption capacity","volume":"246","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.03.035","article-title":"Potential use of Spartina alterniflora as forage for dairy cattle","volume":"92","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(95)80013-8","article-title":"Influence of mineral matter on biomass pyrolysis characteristics","volume":"74","author":"Raveendran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.282","article-title":"Effect of production temperature on lead removal mechanisms by rice straw biochars","volume":"655","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.07.082","article-title":"Biochar modification to enhance sorption of inorganics from water","volume":"246","author":"Sizmur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.04.042","article-title":"Biochars derived from various crop straws: characterization and Cd(II) removal potential","volume":"106","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11473","DOI":"10.1021\/es4026744","article-title":"Impact of deashing treatment on biochar structural properties and potential sorption mechanisms of phenanthrene","volume":"47","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.268","article-title":"Influence of pyrolysis temperature on production of digested sludge biochar and its application for ammonium removal from municipal wastewater","volume":"209","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.438","article-title":"Enhanced Cd removal from aqueous solution by biologically modified biochar derived from digestion residue of corn straw silage","volume":"674","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.05.023","article-title":"Contrasting nutrient stocks and litter decomposition in stands of native and invasive species in a sub-tropical estuarine marsh","volume":"111","author":"Tong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.02.002","article-title":"Bacterial biosorbents and biosorption","volume":"26","author":"Vijayaraghavan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.04.032","article-title":"Investigating the adsorption behavior and the relative distribution of Cd2+ sorption mechanisms on biochars by different feedstock","volume":"261","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.10.022","article-title":"Effect of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics, chemical speciation and risk evaluation of heavy metals in biochar derived from textile dyeing sludge","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.137","article-title":"H2O2 treatment enhanced the heavy metals removal by manure biochar in aqueous solutions","volume":"628\u2013629","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.06.023","article-title":"Indispensable role of biochar-inherent mineral constituents in its environmental applications: a review","volume":"241","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.11.018","article-title":"The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures","volume":"102","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.04.051","article-title":"Comparison of cadmium and lead sorption by Phyllostachys pubescens biochar produced under a low-oxygen pyrolysis atmosphere","volume":"238","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.01.043","article-title":"Efficiency and mechanisms of Cd removal from aqueous solution by biochar derived from water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes)","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.071","article-title":"Preparation of rice straw-derived biochar for efficient cadmium removal by modification of oxygen-containing functional groups","volume":"631\u2013632","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137016","article-title":"Effect of deashing on activation process and lead adsorption capacities of sludge-based biochar","volume":"716","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.11.013","article-title":"Effect of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and residence time on rapeseed stem derived biochar","volume":"174","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.09.006","article-title":"Modeling the growth dynamics of Spartina alterniflora and the effects of its control measures","volume":"97","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.03.268","article-title":"Effect of pyrolysis condition on the adsorption mechanism of lead, cadmium and copper on tobacco stem biochar","volume":"187","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651320311465?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651320311465?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T05:26:47Z","timestamp":1758950807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147651320311465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0147651320311465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-6513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of harvest time and desalination of feedstock on Spartina alterniflora biochar and its efficiency for Cd2+ removal from aqueous solution","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111309","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111309"}}