{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T22:15:07Z","timestamp":1755036907254,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MM022-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MM022-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T15:34:56Z","timestamp":1747755296000},"page":"118299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in a university hospital forecasts multilevel epidemic curves in Taipei City, Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"299","author":[{"given":"Chung-Yen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hsiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Hsin Sally","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sui-Yuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Chuan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pau-Chung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7523-7166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ta-Chen","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811245","article-title":"Quantifying the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 wastewater concentrations and building-level COVID-19 prevalence at an isolation residence: a passive sampling approach","volume":"19","author":"Acer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143192","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in hospital wastewater during outbreak of COVID-19: a review on detection, survival and disinfection technologies","volume":"761","author":"Achak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib3","article-title":"Wastewater monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 from acute care hospitals identifies nosocomial transmission and outbreaks","volume":"2021","author":"Acosta","year":"2021","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117369","article-title":"A multicenter study investigating SARS-CoV-2 in tertiary-care hospital wastewater. viral burden correlates with increasing hospitalized cases as well as hospital-associated transmissions and outbreaks","volume":"201","author":"Acosta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28442","article-title":"Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in wastewater of tertiary care hospitals correlates with increasing case burden and outbreaks","volume":"95","author":"Acosta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118621","article-title":"RT-qPCR and ATOPlex sequencing for the sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for wastewater surveillance","volume":"220","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib7","first-page":"363","article-title":"Potential fecal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: current evidence and implications for public health","volume":"95","author":"Amirian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis. IJID Off. Publ. Int. Soc. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107478","article-title":"Sampling strategies for wastewater surveillance: evaluating the variability of SARS-COV-2 RNA concentration in composite and grab samples","volume":"10","author":"Augusto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155576","article-title":"A framework for wastewater sample collection from a sewage cleanout to inform building-scale wastewater-based epidemiology studies","volume":"836","author":"Bowes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib10","unstructured":"CDC, 2022a. Developing a Wastewater Surveillance Sampling Strategy | Water-related Topics | Healthy Water | CDC. \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthywater\/surveillance\/wastewater-surveillance\/developing-a-wastewater-surveillance-sampling-strategy.html\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib11","unstructured":"CDC, 2022b. National Wastewater Surveillance System (NWSS) \u2013 a new public health tool to understand COVID-19 spread in a community | CDC. \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthywater\/surveillance\/wastewater-surveillance\/wastewater-surveillance.html\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib12","unstructured":"CDC, 2022c. Targeted Wastewater Surveillance at Facilities and Institutions | CDC. \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthywater\/surveillance\/wastewater-surveillance\/targeted-use-case.html\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib13","unstructured":"CDC, 2023. Wastewater Surveillance Testing Methods | National Wastewater Surveillance System | CDC. \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nwss\/testing.html\u3009."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7030e2","article-title":"Guidance for implementing COVID-19 prevention strategies in the context of varying community transmission levels and vaccination coverage","volume":"70","author":"Christie","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00792-21","article-title":"Averting an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a university residence hall through wastewater surveillance","volume":"9","author":"Corchis-Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157370","article-title":"Monitoring the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 on a Spanish university campus through wastewater analysis: a pilot project for the reopening strategy","volume":"845","author":"De Llanos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138492","article-title":"Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine consumption on a public U.S. university campus determined by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"727","author":"Driver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142575","article-title":"Possible transmission of viruses from contaminated human feces and sewage: implications for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"755","author":"Elsamadony","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143226","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in hospital wastewater from a low COVID-19 disease prevalence area","volume":"755","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168998","article-title":"Implementing an adaptive, two-tiered SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance program on a university campus using passive sampling","volume":"912","author":"Haskell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286259","article-title":"Wastewater monitoring for detection of public health markers during the COVID-19 pandemic: near-source monitoring of schools in England over an academic year","volume":"18","author":"Hassard","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib22","first-page":"288","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology for surveillance of infectious diseases in healthcare settings","volume":"36","author":"Hassard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtac003","article-title":"Surveillance of RNase P, PMMoV, and CrAssphage in wastewater as indicators of human fecal concentration across urban sewer neighborhoods, Kentucky","volume":"3","author":"Holm","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEMS Microbes."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121611","article-title":"Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage treatment plants between January 2020 and July 2021 in Taiwan","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142745","article-title":"High incidence of mammalian orthoreovirus identified by environmental surveillance in Taiwan","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141383","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1141383","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospital wastewater treatment plant effluent and the possible consequences of its reuse in agricultural irrigation","volume":"14","author":"Mehanni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-024-00580-1","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology applied at the building-level reveals distinct virome profiles based on the age of the contributing individuals","volume":"18","author":"Mej\u00edas-Molina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148834","article-title":"A direct capture method for purification and detection of viral nucleic acid enables epidemiological surveillance of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"795","author":"Mondal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, C., Zhou, A., O\u2019brien, K., Jamal, Y., Wennerdahl, H., Schmidt, A.R., Shisler, J.L., Jutla, A., Schmidt Iv, A.R., Keefer, L., Brown, W.M., Nguyen, T.H., 2022. Application of neighborhood-scale wastewater-based epidemiology in low COVID-19 incidence situations. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158448.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.06.07.22276055"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.11335","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal viral shedding in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Parasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, L.J., Gonzalez, G., Sala-Comorera, L., Martin, N.A., Byrne, A., Fennema, S., Holohan, N., Ratnam Kuntamukkula, S., Sarwar, N., Nolan, T.M., Stephens, J.H., Whitty, M., Bennett, C., Luu, Q., Morley, U., Yandle, Z., Dean, J., Joyce, E., O\u2019sullivan, J.J., Meijer, W.G., 2022. SARS-CoV-2 variant trends in Ireland: Wastewater-based epidemiology and clinical surveillance. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155828.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155828"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7219e2","article-title":"Correlations and timeliness of COVID-19 surveillance data sources and indicators \u2015 United States, October 1, 2020\u2013March 22, 2023","volume":"72","author":"Scobie","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111374","article-title":"Targeted wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 on a university campus for COVID-19 outbreak detection and mitigation","volume":"200","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib34","article-title":"Building-level wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is associated with transmission and variant trends in a university setting","volume":"215","author":"Sellers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib35","article-title":"Predicting COVID-19 cases using SARS-CoV-2 RNA in air, surface swab and wastewater samples","volume":"857","author":"Solo-Gabriele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147829","article-title":"Feasibility of neighborhood and building scale wastewater-based genomic epidemiology for pathogen surveillance","volume":"789","author":"Spurbeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib37","first-page":"360","article-title":"Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic","volume":"37","author":"Viera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155410","article-title":"Use of wastewater surveillance for early detection of Alpha and Epsilon SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and estimation of overall COVID-19 infection burden","volume":"835","author":"Vo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib39","article-title":"Implementing wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 on a university campus: lessons learned","volume":"94","author":"Wartell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res. A Res. Publ. Water Environ. Fed."},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Wastewater Testing at UArizona Stops Coronavirus Spread; Garners National Attention.","author":"Water & Energy Sustainable Technology Center","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib40"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157547","article-title":"Sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 molecular markers in urban community sewersheds using automated viral RNA purification and digital droplet PCR","volume":"847","author":"West","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147419","article-title":"Non-intrusive wastewater surveillance for monitoring of a residential building for COVID-19 cases","volume":"786","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/17571472.2010.11493315","article-title":"An overview of the healthcare system in Taiwan","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lond. J. Prim. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.664477","article-title":"Viral RNA in city wastewater as a key indicator of COVID-19 recrudescence and containment measures effectiveness","volume":"12","author":"Wurtz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140445","article-title":"Potential spreading risks and disinfection challenges of medical wastewater by the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA in septic tanks of Fangcang Hospital","volume":"741","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.05.005","article-title":"Environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater systems and related environments in Wuhan: April to May of 2020","volume":"112","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299_bib47","article-title":"Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study","volume":"369","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.)"}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651325006359?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651325006359?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T04:58:43Z","timestamp":1749099523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147651325006359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0147651325006359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0147-6513"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in a university hospital forecasts multilevel epidemic curves in Taipei City, Taiwan","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118299","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118299"}}