{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T10:08:20Z","timestamp":1793268500280,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JQ24052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JQ24052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42375179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42375179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42175182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016073","name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES031986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES031986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3703000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3703000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3708304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3708304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T06:04:50Z","timestamp":1755497090000},"page":"118859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bias in the estimated association between all-cause mortality and long-term exposure to a specific chemical component of fine particulate matter: The example of black carbon"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"303","author":[{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqiu","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingkun","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119297","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of CAMS and MERRA-2 reanalysis PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations over China","volume":"288","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150091","article-title":"Variability in the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality by exposure assessment method and covariate adjustment: a census-based country-wide cohort study","volume":"804","author":"Bauwelinck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10767","article-title":"Long-term effects of traffic-related air pollution on mortality in a Dutch cohort (NLCS-AIR study)","volume":"116","author":"Beelen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00369-9","article-title":"Particle characterization and toxicity in C57BL\/6 mice following instillation of five different diesel exhaust particles designed to differ in physicochemical properties","volume":"17","author":"Bendtsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American heart association","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-6-23","article-title":"Near-highway pollutants in motor vehicle exhaust: a review of epidemiologic evidence of cardiac and pulmonary health risks","volume":"6","author":"Brugge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6851","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0613.1","article-title":"The MERRA-2 aerosol reanalysis, 1980 onward. Part II: evaluation and case studies","volume":"30","author":"Buchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.11.004","article-title":"Evaluation of the surface PM in version 1 of the NASA MERRA aerosol reanalysis over the United States","volume":"125","author":"Buchard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307049","article-title":"An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure","volume":"122","author":"Burnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130740","article-title":"The prospective effects of long-term exposure to ambient PM and constituents on mortality in rural east China","volume":"280","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105974","article-title":"Long-term exposure to PM and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27156-z","article-title":"Aerosol mixing state matters for particles deposition in human respiratory system","volume":"8","author":"Ching","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/07388940500339183","article-title":"The phantom menace: omitted variable bias in econometric research","volume":"22","author":"Clarke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Confl. Manag Peace Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050252","article-title":"Long-Term association of air pollution and hospital admissions among Medicare participants using a doubly robust additive model","volume":"143","author":"Danesh Yazdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747","article-title":"Air pollution and mortality in the Medicare population","volume":"376","author":"Di","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.076851","article-title":"Long-term associations of outdoor air pollution with mortality in Great Britain","volume":"62","author":"Elliott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153745","article-title":"Children's exposure to size-fractioned particulate matter: chemical composition and internal dose","volume":"823","author":"Faria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135778","article-title":"Particulate air pollution from different sources and mortality in 7.5 million adults - the Dutch environmental longitudinal study (DUELS)","volume":"705","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9310045","article-title":"Human health effects of air pollution","volume":"100","author":"Folinsbee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2010.544033","article-title":"Short-term impact of particulate matter (PM(2.5)) on respiratory mortality in Madrid","volume":"21","author":"Guaita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J. Environ. Health Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207111","article-title":"Historic air pollution exposure and long-term mortality risks in england and wales: prospective longitudinal cohort study","volume":"71","author":"Hansell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-019-08730-3","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on the development of atopic disease","volume":"57","author":"Hassoun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00158-1","article-title":"Wintertime PM10 and black smoke concentrations across Europe: results from the Peace study","volume":"31","author":"Hoek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031166","article-title":"An exploratory study of the relationships between diesel engine exhaust particle inhalation, pulmonary inflammation and anxious behavior","volume":"18","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J. Environ. Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803894","article-title":"Long-term ozone exposure and mortality","volume":"360","author":"Jerrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.118972","article-title":"Global validation and hybrid calibration of CAMS and MERRA-2 PM reanalysis products based on OpenAQ platform","volume":"274","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8374","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604772113","article-title":"Formation and emission of large furans and oxygenated hydrocarbons from flames","volume":"113","author":"Johansson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1021\/es020019x","article-title":"Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls to soot and soot-like materials in the aqueous environment: mechanistic considerations","volume":"36","author":"Jonker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94673-9","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles increase nasal symptoms and IL-17A in house dust mite-induced allergic mice","volume":"11","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25246046","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particulates induce neutrophilic lung inflammation by modulating endoplasmic reticulum Stress-Mediated CXCL1\/KC expression in alveolar macrophages","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2014.30.2.071","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and cardiovascular disease","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.05.057","article-title":"A five-year study of particulate matter (PM2.5) and cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"181","author":"Leiva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104660","article-title":"Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: an extended follow-up of the harvard six cities study from 1974 to 2009","volume":"120","author":"Lepeule","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.69298","article-title":"Exposure to landscape fire smoke reduced birthweight in low- and middle-income countries: findings from a siblings-matched case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib35","article-title":"Associations between hemoglobin levels and source-specific exposure to ambient fine particles among children aged <5 years in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"459","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib36","first-page":"459","article-title":"Associations between hemoglobin levels and source-specific exposure to ambient fine particles among children aged <5 years in low- and middle-income countries","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106454","article-title":"Association of long-term exposure to PM(2.5) with blood lipids in the Chinese population: findings from a longitudinal quasi-experiment","volume":"151","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117666","article-title":"Evaluation on the surface PM concentration over China mainland from NASA's MERRA-2","volume":"237","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.01.013","article-title":"PM(2.5) in the Yangtze river delta, China: chemical compositions, seasonal variations, and regional pollution events","volume":"223","author":"Ming","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046040","article-title":"Long-term exposure to particulate air pollution and black carbon in relation to natural and cause-specific mortality: a multicohort study in Sweden","volume":"11","author":"Nilsson Sommar","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00763","article-title":"The toxicological mechanisms of environmental soot (Black Carbon) and carbon black: focus on oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways","volume":"8","author":"Niranjan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111554","article-title":"Parkinson's disease aggravation in association with fine particle components in New York State","volume":"201","author":"Nunez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901181","article-title":"Long-term exposure to constituents of fine particulate air pollution and mortality: results from the california teachers study","volume":"118","author":"Ostro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104984","article-title":"Associations of black carbon with lung function and airway inflammation in schoolchildren","volume":"131","author":"Paunescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.89","article-title":"Sub-national mapping of population pyramids and dependency ratios in Africa and Asia","volume":"4","author":"Pezzulo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2009.04.035","article-title":"Effects of particulate matter (PM(10), PM(2.5) and PM(1)) on the cardiovascular system","volume":"261","author":"Polichetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","article-title":"Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution","volume":"287","author":"Pope","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2016.04.0145","article-title":"Evaluation of PM surface concentrations simulated by version 1 of NASA's MERRA aerosol reanalysis over Israel and Taiwan","volume":"17","author":"Proven\u00e7al","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib49","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to particulate air pollution and gestational age at delivery in massachusetts neonates 2001-2015: a perspective of causal modeling and health disparities","volume":"4","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012143432401","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. Cities, 1987-1994","volume":"343","author":"Samet","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.10.009","article-title":"Air pollution and birth outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e557","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30227-8","article-title":"Long-term effects of PM(2.5) on neurological disorders in the American Medicare population: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.08.012","article-title":"Diurnal and seasonal variability of PM and AOD in north China plain: comparison of MERRA-2 products and ground measurements","volume":"191","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307301","article-title":"Long-Term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of cerebrovascular events: results from 11 european cohorts within the ESCAPE project","volume":"122","author":"Stafoggia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.05.007","article-title":"Ambient air pollution, birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Stieb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1-6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(89)90325-1","article-title":"Carbonaceous particles in Fly-Ash - a source for the De-Novo-Synthesis of organochlorocompounds","volume":"19","author":"Stieglitz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.10.022","article-title":"Chemical components of respirable particulate matter associated with emergency hospital admissions for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong","volume":"97","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61396-3","article-title":"Quantifying the effects of using detailed spatial demographic data on health metrics: a systematic analysis for the AfriPop, AsiaPop, and AmeriPop projects","volume":"381","author":"Tatem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108784","article-title":"Reduced human fecundity attributable to ambient fine particles in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"189","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh4363","article-title":"Estimating birthweight reduction attributable to maternal ozone exposure in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"9","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.58.2.196","article-title":"Transport of atmospheric fine particulate matter: part 2--findings from recent field programs on the intraurban variability in fine particulate matter","volume":"58","author":"Turner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag Assoc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.10255","article-title":"Association between Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and change in quantitatively assessed emphysema and lung function","volume":"322","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab370","article-title":"Association between ambient fine particulate matter and physical functioning in Middle-Aged and older Chinese adults: a nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106969","article-title":"Long-term exposure to PM(2.5) major components and mortality in the southeastern United States","volume":"158","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib65","series-title":"WHO global air quality guidelines. Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E620","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00195-9","article-title":"Long-term exposure to low-level ambient air pollution and incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of six european cohorts within the ELAPSE project","volume":"5","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba5692","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter on mortality among the elderly","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145619","article-title":"Associations of fine particulate matter and its constituents with airway inflammation, lung function, and buccal mucosa microbiota in children","volume":"773","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib69","first-page":"E69","article-title":"The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system","volume":"8","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23529-7","article-title":"Open fire exposure increases the risk of pregnancy loss in south Asia","volume":"12","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e588","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00153-4","article-title":"Associations between exposure to landscape fire smoke and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a matched case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwac055","article-title":"New WHO global air quality guidelines help prevent premature deaths in China","volume":"9","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30268-0","article-title":"Estimation of pregnancy losses attributable to exposure to ambient fine particles in south Asia: an epidemiological case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib74","article-title":"Long-term PM(2.5) exposure and depressive symptoms in China: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"6","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West Pac."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34250-4","article-title":"Estimation of stillbirths attributable to ambient fine particles in 137 countries","volume":"13","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e736","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00165-1","article-title":"Estimating the exposure-response function between long-term ozone exposure and under-5 mortality in 55 low-income and middle-income countries: a retrospective, multicentre, epidemiological study","volume":"7","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e219","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30047-6","article-title":"Association between pregnancy loss and ambient PM(2.5) using survey data in Africa: a longitudinal case-control study, 1998-2016","volume":"3","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E689","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00204-7","article-title":"Long-term effect of exposure to lower concentrations of air pollution on mortality among US Medicare participants and vulnerable subgroups: a doubly-robust approach","volume":"5","author":"Yazdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121086","article-title":"Short and long-term association of exposure to ambient black carbon with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"324","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651325012047?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651325012047?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:11:04Z","timestamp":1777489864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147651325012047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["S0147651325012047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-6513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bias in the estimated association between all-cause mortality and long-term exposure to a specific chemical component of fine particulate matter: The example of black carbon","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118859","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118859"}}