{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:16:57Z","timestamp":1791901017138,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T06:43:41Z","timestamp":1760856221000},"page":"119231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A global systematic evaluation of the impact of air pollution on pediatric cancer development"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"305","author":[{"given":"Amir Hossein","family":"Khoshakhlagh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safiye","family":"Ghobakhloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Ghantous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Carlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.06.030","article-title":"The effects of changes in cadmium and lead air pollution on cancer incidence in childrenSci","volume":"408","author":"Absalon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002429","article-title":"Road traffic and childhood leukemia: the ESCALE study (SFCE)","volume":"119","author":"Amigou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101604","article-title":"Air pollution and childhood leukaemia: a nationwide case-control study in Italy","volume":"70","author":"Badaloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib4","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Home paint exposures and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: findings from the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium","volume":"26","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer & Causes Control"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0338","article-title":"Residential traffic density and childhood leukemia risk","volume":"17","author":"Behren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib6","first-page":"1961","article-title":"Is there any interaction between domestic radon exposure and air pollution from traffic in relation to childhood leukemia risk?","volume":"21","author":"Br\u00e4uner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer & Causes Control"},{"issue":"(Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300183","article-title":"Residential proximity to environmental hazards and adverse health outcomes","volume":"101","author":"Brender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.042432","article-title":"Acute childhood leukaemia and residence next to petrol stations and automotive repair garages: the ESCALE study (SFCE)","volume":"66","author":"Brosselin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2021.05.005","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for childhood cancer in an era of global climate change: a scoping review","volume":"36","author":"Buser","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1236942","article-title":"Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survival and spatial analysis of socio-environmental risks in Mexico","volume":"13","author":"Calderon-Hernandez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.04.019","article-title":"Spatial clustering of childhood leukaemia with the integration of the paediatric environmental history","volume":"156","author":"C\u00e1rceles-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9967","article-title":"Risk of childhood cancers associated with residence in agriculturally intense areas in the United States","volume":"116","author":"Carozza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib13","first-page":"14651858","volume":"4","author":"Chandler","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2024.114388","article-title":"Maternal residential exposure to solvents from industrial sources during pregnancy and childhood cancer risk in California","volume":"259","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2005.08.001","article-title":"Environmental exposure to residential pesticides, chemicals, dusts, fumes, and metals, and risk of childhood germ cell tumors","volume":"209","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm371","article-title":"Mortality in a population exposed to dioxin after the seveso, Italy, accident in 1976: 25 years of follow-up","volume":"167","author":"Consonni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib17","first-page":"688","article-title":"Parental occupation, occupational exposure to solvents and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of childhood brain tumors (Italy, France, Spain)","volume":"8","author":"Cordier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer & Causes Control"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh154","article-title":"Parental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the risk of childhood brain tumors: the SEARCH International Childhood Brain Tumor Study","volume":"159","author":"Cordier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11597","article-title":"Childhood leukemia and road traffic: a population-based case-control study","volume":"108","author":"Crosignani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.272","article-title":"Exposure to motor vehicle exhaust and childhood cancer","volume":"24","author":"Feychting","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.06.044","article-title":"Transplacental exposure to environmental carcinogens: association with childhood cancer risks and the role of modulating factors","volume":"72","author":"Fucic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.12.029","article-title":"Quantitative assessments of indoor air pollution and the risk of childhood acute leukemia in Shanghai","volume":"187","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4196","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-4196-5","article-title":"Different exposure of infants and adults to ultrafine particles in the urban area of Barcelona","volume":"187","author":"Garcia-Algar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.131","article-title":"Risk of bone tumors in children and residential proximity to industrial and urban areas: new findings from a case-control study","volume":"579","author":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s40710-024-00703-9","article-title":"Health risk assessment of exposure to BTEX and PAH compounds in workers of burnt oil recycling factory: simulation using Monte Carlo method","volume":"11","author":"Ghobakhloo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Process"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt129","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of early childhood cancers","volume":"178","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol. 15"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/66.2.185","article-title":"Evaluation of child\/adult pharmacokinetic differences from a database derived from the therapeutic drug literature","volume":"66","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-016-0047-7","article-title":"Agricultural crop exposure and risk of childhood cancer: new findings from a case\u2013control study in Spain","volume":"15","author":"G\u00f3mez-Barroso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/11.1.37","article-title":"Niltrogen dioxide induces DNA single-strand breaks in cultured Chinese hamster cells","volume":"11","author":"G\u00f6rsdorf","year":"1990","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25268","article-title":"Vehicle refuelling, use of domestic wood heaters and the risk of childhood brain tumours: results from an Australian case\u2013control study","volume":"62","author":"Greenop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040344","article-title":"Geographical correlations between indoor radon concentration and risks of lung cancer, non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma, and leukemia during 1999\u20132008 in korea","volume":"14","author":"Ha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-021-01434-0","article-title":"Parental occupation and childhood germ cell tumors: a case\u2013control study in Denmark, 1968\u20132016","volume":"32","author":"Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Causes & Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.09.002","article-title":"An exploratory study of ambient air toxics exposure in pregnancy and the risk of neuroblastoma in offspring","volume":"127","author":"Heck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"11-12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306761","article-title":"Childhood cancer and traffic-related air pollution exposure in pregnancy and early life","volume":"121","author":"Heck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2013.84","article-title":"Retinoblastoma and ambient exposure to air toxics in the perinatal period","volume":"25","author":"Heck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv111","article-title":"Residential proximity to heavy-traffic roads, benzene exposure, and childhood leukemia\u2014the GEOCAP study, 2002\u20132007","volume":"182","author":"Houot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2023.100582","article-title":"Environmental, social and behavioral risk factors in association with spatial clustering of childhood cancer incidence","volume":"45","author":"H\u00fcls","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spat. Spatiotemporal Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100569","article-title":"Air pollution exposure at the residence and risk of childhood cancers in Denmark: a nationwide register-based case-control study","volume":"28","author":"Hvidtfeldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8949","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238949","article-title":"Residential exposure to PM2. 5 components and risk of childhood non-hodgkin lymphoma in Denmark: a nationwide register-based case-control study","volume":"17","author":"Hvidtfeldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib40","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)., 2016. Outdoor air pollution. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; Volume 109. Lyon: IARC..\u3008https:\/\/monographs.iarc.who.int\/iarc-monographs-on-outdoor-air-pollution-2\/\u3009."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7707","article-title":"Maternal exposure to occupational solvents and childhood leukemia","volume":"113","author":"Infante-Rivard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2021.1900550","article-title":"Maternal pesticide exposure and its relation to childhood cancer: an umbrella review of meta-analyses","volume":"32","author":"Iqbal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.036","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and childhood acute leukemia in Oklahoma","volume":"148","author":"Janitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.02.038","article-title":"Benzene and childhood acute leukemia in Oklahoma","volume":"165","author":"Janitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib45","article-title":"Characterization of residential proximity to sources of environmental carcinogens in clusters of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in San Luis Potosi, Mexico","volume":"252","author":"Jarquin-Ya\u00f1ez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib46","article-title":"Inhalational exposure to heavy metals: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment","author":"Khoshakhlagh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178641","article-title":"A Monte Carlo simulation and meta-analysis of health risk due to formaldehyde exposure at different seasons of the year in various indoor environments","volume":"965","author":"Khoshakhlagh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.48.4.369","article-title":"Leukaemia clusters in childhood: geographical analysis in Britain","volume":"48","author":"Knox","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.031674","article-title":"Oil combustion and childhood cancers","volume":"59","author":"Knox","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.042036","article-title":"Roads, railways, and childhood cancers","volume":"60","author":"Knox","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.51.2.151","article-title":"Hazard proximities of childhood cancers in Great Britain from 1953-80","volume":"51","author":"Knox","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107380","article-title":"Childhood cancer and traffic-related air pollution in Switzerland: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"166","author":"Kreis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030505","article-title":"Maternal residential proximity to major roadways and pediatric embryonal tumors in offspring","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002275","article-title":"Exposure to benzene and childhood leukaemia: a pilot case-control study","volume":"3","author":"Lagorio","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106135","article-title":"Ambient ultrafine particle concentrations and incidence of childhood cancers","volume":"145","author":"Lavigne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112418","article-title":"Association between long-term exposure to particulate matter and childhood cancer: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"205","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24105","article-title":"An exploratory case-only analysis of gene-hazardous air pollutant interactions and the risk of childhood medulloblastoma","volume":"59","author":"Lupo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2017.02.001","article-title":"Road traffic pollution and childhood leukemia: a nationwide case-control study in Italy","volume":"47","author":"Magnani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-01009-0","article-title":"Residential proximity to petrol stations and risk of childhood leukemia","volume":"38","author":"Malavolti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.10.038","article-title":"Evaluation of the spanish hot dip galvanising sector as a source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans","volume":"71","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-009-0124-5","article-title":"Spatial regression analysis between air pollution and childhood leukaemia in Portugal","volume":"281","author":"Martinho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-021-01767-y","article-title":"Childhood cancer and residential proximity to petrol stations: a nationwide registry-based case\u2013control study in Switzerland and an updated meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Mazzei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170423","article-title":"Childhood hematologic cancer and residential proximity to oil and gas development","volume":"12","author":"McKenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.047","article-title":"A task-based assessment of parental occupational exposure to organic solvents and other compounds and the risk of childhood leukemia in California","volume":"151","author":"Metayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-100951","article-title":"Risk of childhood leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after parental occupational exposure to solvents and other agents: the SETIL study","volume":"70","author":"Miligi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-100951","article-title":"Risk of childhood leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after parental occupational exposure to solvents and other agents: the SETIL study","volume":"70","author":"Miligi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib68","article-title":"Replacing PICO in non-interventional studies","author":"Mintzker","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Evid. Based Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000064","article-title":"Conducting systematic reviews of association (etiology): the Joanna Briggs Institute's approach","volume":"13","author":"Moola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J. Evid. Based Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63309-z","article-title":"Examining the relationship between land use and childhood leukemia and lymphoma in Tehran","volume":"14","author":"Norzaee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib71","series-title":"OHAT Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies","author":"Ohat","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.01.016","article-title":"Residential pesticide exposures in pregnancy and the risk of sporadic retinoblastoma: a report from the children's oncology group","volume":"176","author":"Omidakhsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4343","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084343","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality among petroleum industry workers and residents living in oil producing communities: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Onyije","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.03.009","article-title":"Childhood cancer in small geographical areas and proximity to air-polluting industries","volume":"156","author":"Ortega-Garc\u00eda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-1363","article-title":"Fine particulate matter air pollution and mortality among pediatric, adolescent, and young adult cancer patients","volume":"29","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113486","article-title":"Prenatal pesticide exposure and childhood leukemia\u2013a california statewide case-control study","volume":"226","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2000.10463998","article-title":"Distance-weighted traffic density in proximity to a home is a risk factor for leukemia and other childhood cancers","volume":"50","author":"Pearson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag Assoc."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16112029","article-title":"Maternal residential proximity to major roadways and the risk of childhood acute leukemia: a population-based case-control study in Texas, 1995\u20132011","volume":"16","author":"Peckham-Gregory","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770040112","article-title":"Childhood tumors and parental occupational exposures","volume":"4","author":"Peters","year":"1984","journal-title":"Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27972","article-title":"Parental occupational exposure to engine exhausts and childhood brain tumors","volume":"132","author":"Peters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer 15"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31421","article-title":"Ambient benzene at the residence and risk for subtypes of childhood leukemia, lymphoma and CNS tumor","volume":"143","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171881","article-title":"Risk factors for central nervous system tumors in children: new findings from a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Ramis","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001847","article-title":"Spatial analysis of health effects of large industrial incinerators in england, 1998\u20132008: a study using matched case\u2013control areas","volume":"3","author":"Reeve","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019579430978","article-title":"Traffic patterns and childhood cancer incidence rates in California, United States","volume":"13","author":"Reynolds","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Causes & Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5986","article-title":"Childhood cancer incidence rates and hazardous air pollutants in California: an exploratory analysis","volume":"111","author":"Reynolds","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000101749.28283.de","article-title":"Residential exposure to traffic in california and childhood cancer","volume":"15","author":"Reynolds","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2020.101859","article-title":"Residential traffic exposure and lymphohematopoietic malignancies among children in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: an ecological study","volume":"70","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7925","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217925","article-title":"Childhood leukemia in small geographical areas and proximity to industrial sources of air pollutants in three Colombian cities","volume":"17","author":"Rodriguez-Villamizar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J. Environ. Res Public Health 29"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11035","article-title":"Risk of cancer in children of parents occupationally exposed to hydrocarbon solvents and engine exhaust fumes: a register-based nested case\u2013control study from Sweden (1960\u20132015)","volume":"130","author":"Rossides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2024.108318","article-title":"Impact of environmental pollutants on pediatric brain tumor incidence in New Jersey","volume":"242","author":"Sarwar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1080\/10473220390237539","article-title":"Epidemiologic evidence on the carcinogenicity of metalworking fluids","volume":"18","author":"Savitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1848","article-title":"Association of childhood cancer with residential traffic density","volume":"15","author":"Savitz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.219","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of childhood cancers: a population-based study in Tehran, Iran","volume":"646","author":"Seifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.015","article-title":"Residential exposure to vehicular traffic-related air pollution during childhood and breast cancer risk","volume":"159","author":"Shmuel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00051790","article-title":"An exploratory analysis of risk factors for childhood malignant germ-cell tumors: report from the childrens cancer group (Canada, United States)","volume":"6","author":"Shu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Causes & Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib96","first-page":"17","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib97","first-page":"109","article-title":"A study on sludge minimization during the treatment of pickling effluent","volume":"48","author":"Singhal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1081\/DCT-100100099","article-title":"Recent developments in the understanding of benzene toxicity and leukemogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Snyder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0091-9","article-title":"Childhood cancer and residential exposure to highways: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Spycher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.07.022","article-title":"Parental occupational exposure to benzene and the risk of childhood cancer: a census-based cohort study","volume":"108","author":"Spycher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib101","first-page":"63","article-title":"Childhood leukaemia risk and residential proximity to busy roads","volume":"156","author":"Tamayo-Uria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3435-1","article-title":"Evaluating the genotoxicity of urban PM2. 5 using PCR-based methods in human lung cells and the salmonella TA98 reverse test","volume":"22","author":"Traversi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-0007","article-title":"MDR1 gene variants, indoor insecticide exposure, and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"16","author":"Urayama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28353","article-title":"A spatial analysis of childhood cancer and industrial air pollution in a metropolitan area of Colombia","volume":"67","author":"Valbuena-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-012-9727-1","article-title":"Leukemia risk in children exposed to benzene and PM 10 from vehicular traffic: a case\u2013control study in an Italian population","volume":"27","author":"Vinceti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408582","article-title":"In utero and early-life exposure to ambient air toxics and childhood brain tumors: a population-based case\u2013control study in California, USA","volume":"124","author":"von Ehrenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2018.11.005","article-title":"Maternal prenatal exposure to environmental factors and risk of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia: a hospital-based case-control study in China","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701758734","article-title":"Association of childhood leukemia with residential exposure to petrochemical air pollution in Taiwan","volume":"20","author":"Weng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390701839042","article-title":"Childhood leukemia development and correlation with traffic air pollution in Taiwan using nitrogen dioxide as an air pollutant marker","volume":"71","author":"Weng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390701839042","article-title":"Childhood leukemia development and correlation with traffic air pollution in Taiwan using nitrogen dioxide as an air pollutant marker","volume":"71","author":"Weng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1080\/00039899909603370","article-title":"Geographic studies of pediatric cancer near hazardous waste sites","volume":"54","author":"White","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.11.013","article-title":"Home remodeling and risk of childhood leukemia","volume":"27","author":"Whitehead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11593","article-title":"Childhood lymphohematopoietic cancer incidence and hazardous air pollutants in southeast Texas, 1995\u20132004","volume":"116","author":"Whitworth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae035","article-title":"PM2. 5, vegetation dEnsity, and Childhood Cancer: a Case-control Registry-based Study from Texas 1995-2011","volume":"116","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib115","series-title":"WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (Pm2.5 and Pm10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12657","article-title":"Association between indoor formaldehyde exposure and asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib117","first-page":"190","article-title":"Indoor volatile organic compounds exposures and risk of childhood acute leukemia: a case-control study in Shanghai","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A Toxicol. Hazard Subst. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23682-z","article-title":"Outdoor artificial light at night, air pollution, and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the California linkage study of earlyonset cancers","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651325015763?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651325015763?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T08:59:28Z","timestamp":1762246768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147651325015763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["S0147651325015763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-6513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A global systematic evaluation of the impact of air pollution on pediatric cancer development","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119231","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119231"}}