{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T15:30:43Z","timestamp":1793806243954,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52072045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52072045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008642","name":"Center for Health Design","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["300102224901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102224901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T10:58:44Z","timestamp":1765796324000},"page":"119569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessing the co-benefits of reductions in mobile-source CO2 and pollutant emissions for urban air quality\u00a0and public health"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"309","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaowen","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib1","article-title":"Air pollution and climate change as grand challenges to sustainability","volume":"928","author":"Arshad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2024.101825","article-title":"Can public transportation development improve urban air quality? Evidence from China","volume":"54","author":"Bi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0400-5","article-title":"Achievement of Paris climate goals unlikely due to time lags in the land system","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125435","article-title":"Pathways for municipalities to achieve carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality: a study based on the LEAP model","volume":"262","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(89)90048-6","article-title":"Impact of methanol vehicles on ozone air quality","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0421-y","article-title":"Provincial and gridded population projection for China under shared socioeconomic pathways from 2010 to 2100","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib7","series-title":"Technical guidelines for compiling urban atmospheric pollution source emission inventories","author":"Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences","year":"2024"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107402118","article-title":"Health benefits of decreases in on-road transportation emissions in the United States from 2008 to 2017","volume":"118","author":"Choma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib9","unstructured":"Civil Aviation Administration of China. (2023, March 16). 2022 national civil transport airports production statistical bulletin. \u3008https:\/\/app.caac.gov.cn\/XXGK\/XXGK\/TJSJ\/202303\/t20230317_217609.html\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164856","article-title":"Impact assessment of vehicle electrification pathways on emissions of CO2 and air pollution in Xi'an, China","volume":"893","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib11","series-title":"Joint EMEP\/CORINAIR atmospheric emission inventory guidebook","author":"European Environment Agency","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109603","article-title":"Defending blue sky in China: Effectiveness of the \u201cAir Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan\u201d on air quality improvements from 2013 to 2017","volume":"252","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib13","first-page":"492","article-title":"Population projection dataset for China and its provinces under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1\u20135), v2","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Change Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15369","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3272385","article-title":"Emission analysis of electric motorcycles and assessment of emission reduction with fleet electrification","volume":"24","author":"Ho","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib15","first-page":"2108","article-title":"Current assessment of carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions from construction machinery in China","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib16","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (n.d.). GBD results tool. \u3008http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-results-tool\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib17","series-title":"Climate Change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04253","article-title":"Assessing the future vehicle fleet electrification: the impacts on regional and urban air quality","volume":"51","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.103880","article-title":"The impact of energy efficiency on carbon emissions: evidence from the transportation sector in Chinese 30 provinces","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164259","article-title":"Exploration of sustainable urban transportation development in China through the forecast of private vehicle ownership","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10285","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910285","article-title":"Recycling potential of plastic resources from end-of-life passenger vehicles in China","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0398-8","article-title":"Air quality and health benefits from fleet electrification in China","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.02.019","article-title":"Assessing energy consumption, CO2 and pollutant emissions and health benefits from China's transport sector through 2050","volume":"116","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.12.031","article-title":"Assessment of Co-benefits of vehicle emission reduction measures for 2015\u20132020 in the Pearl River Delta region, China","volume":"223","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12002","DOI":"10.1021\/es4021316","article-title":"Co-control of local air pollutants and CO2 in the Chinese iron and steel industry","volume":"47","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib26","author":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technical guidelines for compiling emission inventories of air pollutants from non-road mobile sources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib27","author":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technical guidelines for compiling emission inventories of air pollutants from road motor vehicles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib28","series-title":"Technical guidelines for compiling integrated emission inventories of air pollutants and greenhouse gases","author":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib29","series-title":"GB 3095\u20132012: Ambient air quality standards","author":"Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People\u2019s Republic of China","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111380","article-title":"Shared use of electric autonomous vehicles: air quality and health impacts of future mobility in the United States","volume":"149","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib31","series-title":"Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks","author":"Pr\u00fcss-\u00dcst\u00fcn","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EF001788","article-title":"Potential for electric vehicle adoption to mitigate extreme air quality events in China","volume":"9","author":"Schnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib33","series-title":"Shaanxi statistical yearbook","author":"Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Statistics","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08450","article-title":"Incorporating health cobenefits into province-driven climate policy: a case of banning new internal combustion engine vehicle sales in China","volume":"57","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136167","article-title":"Drivers in carbon dioxide, air pollutants emissions and health benefits of China's clean vehicle fleet 2019\u20132035","volume":"391","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"7774","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1554-z","article-title":"Climate and air-quality benefits of a realistic phase-out of fossil fuels","volume":"573","author":"Shindell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0108-y","article-title":"Quantified, localized health benefits of accelerated carbon dioxide emissions reductions","volume":"8","author":"Shindell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119492","article-title":"Air quality impacts of electric vehicle adoption in California","volume":"294","author":"Skipper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib39","series-title":"The Ministry of Ecology and Environment held a regular press conference in February","author":"State Council Information Office","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.112819","article-title":"Urban traffic regulation and air pollution: a case study of urban motor vehicle restriction policy","volume":"163","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28672-3","article-title":"Air quality and health co-benefits of China\u2019s carbon dioxide emissions peaking before 2030","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.05.124","article-title":"Influence of ozone on traffic-related particulate matter on the generation of hydroxyl radicals through a heterogeneous synergistic effect","volume":"162","author":"Valavanidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4505\/acf60d","article-title":"Neighborhood-scale air quality, public health, and equity implications of multi-modal vehicle electrification","volume":"3","author":"Visa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Infrastruct. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.134727","article-title":"Assessment of decarbonization pathway for Chinese road transport sector based on transportation-energy integration systems framework","volume":"317","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.02.046","article-title":"An overview of non-road equipment emissions in China","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143775","article-title":"Policy-driven changes in the health risk of PM2. 5 and O3 exposure in China during 2013\u20132018","volume":"757","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-16-1961-2023","article-title":"ISAT v2. 0: an integrated tool for nested-domain configurations and model-ready emission inventories for WRF-AQM","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118399","article-title":"Impacts of China's national vehicle fuel standards and subway development on air pollution","volume":"241","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121404","article-title":"Emission and influences of non-road mobile sources on air quality in China, 2000\u20132019","volume":"324","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib50","series-title":"WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2. 5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib51","unstructured":"Xi\u2019an Municipal Bureau of Statistics. (2023). Xi\u2019an Statistical Yearbook. China Statistics Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103609","article-title":"How to achieve synergy between carbon dioxide mitigation and air pollution control? Evidence from China","volume":"78","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2022.106758","article-title":"Urban-rural income gap and air pollution: A stumbling block or stepping stone","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib54","first-page":"5614","article-title":"Estimation of atmospheric pollutant and carbon emission inventories from civil aviation aircraft in China","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"07","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib55","first-page":"7","article-title":"Medium- and long-term forecast of China\u2019s per thousand vehicle ownership based on a Gompertz curve model","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Technol. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102657","article-title":"A cooperative governance model for SO2 emission rights futures that accounts for GDP and pollutant removal cost","volume":"66","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108203","article-title":"Carbon mitigation and health effects of fleet electrification in China\u2019s Yangtze River Delta","volume":"180","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651325019141?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651325019141?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T15:16:18Z","timestamp":1793805378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147651325019141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S0147651325019141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-6513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessing the co-benefits of reductions in mobile-source CO2 and pollutant emissions for urban air quality\u00a0and public health","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119569","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119569"}}