{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T02:42:03Z","timestamp":1783824123908,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015313","name":"USDA-APHIS-WS National Wildlife Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015313","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000202","name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T17:18:19Z","timestamp":1768929499000},"page":"119748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Toxicity of anticoagulant rodenticides to Pacific salmon: Assessing lethal and sublethal effects"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"310","author":[{"given":"Lillian M.","family":"Pavord","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3103-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa K.","family":"Driessnack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron B.","family":"Shiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9236-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven F.","family":"Volker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3676-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barnett A.","family":"Rattner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3480-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenifer K.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-20-0650","article-title":"Intraperitoneal oil application causes local inflammation with depletion of resident peritoneal macrophages","volume":"19","author":"Alsina-Sanchis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2005.02.020","article-title":"Association mechanism between a series of rodenticide and humic acid: a frontal analysis to support the biological data","volume":"820","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2016.21.8.466","article-title":"Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis","volume":"21","author":"Bates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Companion Anim."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14643","article-title":"Seabird nutrient subsidies alter patterns of algal abundance and fish biomass on coral reefs following a bleaching event","volume":"25","author":"Benkwitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib5","series-title":"The Laboratory Fish","first-page":"529","article-title":"Chapter 31\u2014routes of administration for chemical agents","author":"Black","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib6","article-title":"Body burden determination and metabolite identification of diphacinone in the mouse","author":"Cahill","year":"1977","journal-title":"Univ. Ariz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib7","unstructured":"California Department of Pesticide Regulation. 2018. An Investigation of Anticoagulant Rodenticide Data Submitted to the Department of Pesticide Regulation. Accessed 10 April 2024."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-022-02860-0","article-title":"Managing non-target wildlife mortality whilst using rodenticides to eradicate invasive rodents on islands","volume":"24","author":"Casta\u00f1o","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602480113","article-title":"Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss","volume":"113","author":"Doherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12885","article-title":"Control of invasive rats on islands and priorities for future action","volume":"31","author":"Duron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib11","series-title":"Vertebrate Pesticide Toxicology Manual (Poisons)","author":"Eason","year":"2001"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib12","article-title":"Anticoagulant residual concentration and poisoning in birds following a large-scale aerial application of 25 ppm brodifacoum bait for rat eradication on Rat Island, Alaska","volume":"24","author":"Ebbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5829","article-title":"Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity in terrestrial raptors: tools to estimate the impact on populations in North America and globally","volume":"43","author":"Elliott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib14","series-title":"Potential Risks of Nine Rodenticides to Birds and Nontarget Mammals: A Comparative Approach","author":"Erickson","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib15","series-title":"Residual Concentrations and Persistence of the Anticoagulant Rodenticides Brodifacoum and Diphacinone in Fauna","author":"Fisher","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib16","series-title":"Family Salmonidae\u2014Salmonids","author":"Froese","year":"2024"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7194","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2714-1","article-title":"Occurrence, elimination, and risk of anticoagulant rodenticides and drugs during wastewater treatment","volume":"21","author":"G\u00f3mez-Canela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"7713","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0202-3","article-title":"Seabirds enhance coral reef productivity and functioning in the absence of invasive rats","volume":"559","author":"Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib19","series-title":"[Thesis]","article-title":"Tissue Distribution, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Brodifacoum: A Superwarfarin","author":"Hauck","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2004.01.002","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during rapid anaesthetic induction and recovery","volume":"137","author":"Hill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib21","series-title":"Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Wildlife","first-page":"87","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of anticoagulant rodenticides in target and non-target organisms","author":"Horak","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2007.00755.x","article-title":"Invasive rodent eradication on islands","volume":"21","author":"Howald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib23","series-title":"Williams Hematology","author":"Kaushansky","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800570105","article-title":"Introduced rats indirectly change marine rocky intertidal communities from algae- to invertebrate-dominated","volume":"105","author":"Kurle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64377-9_7","article-title":"Secondary exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides and effects on predators","volume":"5","author":"Lopez-Perea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antico Rodentic. Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.11.013","article-title":"Residue profiles of brodifacoum in coastal marine species following an island rodent eradication","volume":"113","author":"Masuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.01.008","article-title":"Non-target species mortality and the measurement of brodifacoum rodenticide residues after a rat (Rattus rattus) eradication on Palmyra Atoll, tropical Pacific","volume":"185","author":"Pitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2018.1442812","article-title":"A review of three commonly used fish anesthetics","volume":"26","author":"Priborsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib30","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2010.05.021","article-title":"Acute toxicity of diphacinone in Northern bobwhite: effects on survival and blood clotting","volume":"73","author":"Rattner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2390","article-title":"Toxicokinetics and coagulopathy threshold of the rodenticide diphacinone in eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio)","volume":"33","author":"Rattner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.490","article-title":"Acute toxicity, histopathology, and coagulopathy in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following administration of the rodenticide diphacinone","volume":"30","author":"Rattner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8433","DOI":"10.1021\/es501740n","article-title":"Adverse outcome pathway and risks of anticoagulant rodenticides to predatory wildlife","volume":"48","author":"Rattner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib35","series-title":"Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Wildlife","first-page":"45","article-title":"Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity to non-target wildlife under controlled exposure conditions","author":"Rattner","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4629","article-title":"Brodifacoum toxicity in american kestrels (Falco sparverius) with evidence of increased hazard on subsequent anticoagulant rodenticide exposure","volume":"39","author":"Rattner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-018-0788-6","article-title":"Rating the risks of anticoagulant rodenticides in the aquatic environment: a review","volume":"17","author":"Regnery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133727","article-title":"New insights on in vitro biotransformation of anticoagulant rodenticides in fish","volume":"294","author":"Regnery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-024-01762-y","article-title":"Rodenticide contamination of cormorants and mergansers feeding on wild fish","volume":"22","author":"Regnery","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139905","article-title":"Heavy rainfall provokes anticoagulant rodenticides\u2019 release from baited sewer systems and outdoor surfaces into receiving streams","volume":"740","author":"Regnery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2020.105429","article-title":"Acute toxicity and clotting times of anticoagulant rodenticides to red-toothed (Odonus niger) and black (Melichthys niger) triggerfish, fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"221","author":"Riegerix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxicol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146021","article-title":"Dose-response analysis using R","volume":"10","author":"Ritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16026.x","article-title":"Acetone-regulated synthesis and degradation of cytochrome P4502E2 and cytochrome P4502B1 in rat liver","volume":"198","author":"Ronis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117629","article-title":"Brodifacoum causes coagulopathy, hemorrhages, and mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at environmentally relevant hepatic residue concentrations","volume":"289","author":"Schmieg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib45","article-title":"Large-scale aerial baiting to suppress invasive rats in Hawaii: efficacy of diphacinone and associated risks","volume":"29","author":"Shiels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2023.105767","article-title":"Sensitivity assessment of diphacinone by pharmacokinetic analysis in invasive black rats in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Archipelago, Japan","volume":"199","author":"Takeda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)30882-7","article-title":"Effect of warfarin on the kinetics of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in rats","volume":"201","author":"Vainieri","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(75)90125-2","article-title":"Effects of anti-inflammatory 2-aryl-1,3-indandiones on oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria","volume":"24","author":"Van Den Berg","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709-200524040-00005","article-title":"Anticoagulant rodenticides","volume":"24","author":"Watt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-015-1449-1","article-title":"Assessment of toxicity and coagulopathy of brodifacoum in Japanese quail and testing in wild owls","volume":"24","author":"Webster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)07949-8","article-title":"Metabolism and disposition of diphacinone in rats and mice","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"1982","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651326000771?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651326000771?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T20:43:52Z","timestamp":1776717832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147651326000771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0147651326000771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-6513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toxicity of anticoagulant rodenticides to Pacific salmon: Assessing lethal and sublethal effects","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119748","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119748"}}