{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:31:06Z","timestamp":1786987866872,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010627","name":"Southwest Forestry University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LXXK-2024Z02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LXXK-2024Z02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42367064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42367064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:56:17Z","timestamp":1769514977000},"page":"119753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Refining heavy metal risk in Southwest China's mining soils: Bioaccessible fractions and cellular toxicity reveal overlooked Cr hazards"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"310","author":[{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Zong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianlei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daolei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-An","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin Wei","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Tuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0870-8551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-4028-y","article-title":"Distribution, contamination, and health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface soils from northern Telangana, India","volume":"11","author":"Adimalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.05.004","article-title":"Electronic waste leachate-mediated DNA fragmentation and cell death by apoptosis in mouse fibroblast (NIH\/3T3) cell line","volume":"94","author":"Alabi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22580","article-title":"Spatial distribution, ecological risk and health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil from Ankang basin, Shaanxi Province","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155441","article-title":"A global meta-analysis of heavy metal (loid) s pollution in soils near copper mines: Evaluation of pollution level and probabilistic health risks","volume":"835","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.144","article-title":"Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via household dust from urban area in Chengdu, China","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ. 619"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104270","article-title":"Glucosinolate-rich hydrolyzed extract from Moringa oleifera leaves decreased the production of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 cytokines and induced ROS and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells","volume":"75","author":"Cuellar-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124686","article-title":"Influence of soil pH and organic carbon content on the bioaccessibility of lead and copper in four spiked soils","volume":"360","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib8","series-title":"Plant metal interaction","first-page":"41","author":"Dikilitas","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2013.12.005","article-title":"Heavy metals in wild house mice from coal-mining areas of Colombia and expression of genes related to oxidative stress, DNA damage and exposure to metals","volume":"762","author":"Guerrero-Castilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. \/Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.11.088","article-title":"Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"168","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.10.066","article-title":"Pollution assessment of heavy metals in soils of India and ecological risk assessment: a state-of-the-art","volume":"216","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.06.124","article-title":"Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) partitioning and bioaccessibility in uncontaminated and long-term contaminated soils","volume":"171","author":"Lamb","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-024-01038-w","article-title":"Accurate bioaccessibility assessment of soil heavy metals by combining their speciation and in vitro model with human gut microbiota","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118890","article-title":"Health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in road dust via dermal exposure pathway from a low latitude plateau provincial capital city: the importance of toxicological verification","volume":"252","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122148","article-title":"Refining health risk assessment of arsenic in wild edible boletus from typical high geochemical background areas: the role of As species, bioavailability, and enterotoxicity","volume":"334","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109538","article-title":"Human health risks of chromium in bright-colored leather products: speciation-based insights into dermal permeation","volume":"200","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133361","article-title":"Effects of soil-extractable metals Cd and Ni from an e-waste dismantling site on human colonic epithelial cells Caco-2: mechanisms and implications","volume":"292","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162942","article-title":"The spatial distribution, health risk, and cytotoxicity of metal(loid)s in contaminated field soils: the role of Cd in human gastric cells damage","volume":"878","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.3.361","article-title":"Oxyradicals and DNA damage","volume":"21","author":"Marnett","year":"2000","journal-title":"carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6116","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14036116","article-title":"Cadmium-induced pathologies: where is the oxidative balance lost (or not)?","volume":"14","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20042984","article-title":"Heavy Metal Contamination in Leafy Vegetables Grown in Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia: Assessment of Possible Human Health Hazards","volume":"20","author":"Najmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-011-9265-9","article-title":"Oxidative stress induced by cadmium in the C6 cell line: role of copper and zinc","volume":"146","author":"Nzengue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129205","article-title":"Soil heavy metal pollution and food safety in China: Effects, sources and removing technology","volume":"267","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1021\/es950057z","article-title":"Estimation of lead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test","volume":"30","author":"Ruby","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110811","article-title":"Development of a Drosophila melanogaster based model for the assessment of cadmium and mercury mediated renal tubular toxicity","volume":"201","author":"Saini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.176","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution caused by small-scale metal ore mining activities: A case study from a polymetallic mine in South China","volume":"639","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, C.M., Fedorov, Y., Brown, D.D., Suh, M., Proctor, D.M., Kuriakose, L., Haws, L.C. and Harris, M.A. (2012) Assessment of Cr (VI)-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity using high content analysis.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042720"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165514","article-title":"Are high-risk heavy metal(loid)s contaminated vegetables detrimental to human health? A study of incorporating bioaccessibility and toxicity into accurate health risk assessment","volume":"897","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165514","article-title":"Are high-risk heavy metal(loid)s contaminated vegetables detrimental to human health? A study of incorporating bioaccessibility and toxicity into accurate health risk assessment","volume":"897","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.01.003","article-title":"Refining health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables from high geochemical background areas: Role of bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity","volume":"159","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163361","article-title":"Heavy metal(loid)s in agriculture soils, rice, and wheat across China: Status assessment and spatiotemporal analysis","volume":"882","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159819","article-title":"Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans","volume":"858","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18094","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c08257","article-title":"Oral Exposure of Arsenic-Contaminated Soils Triggers Hepatic Ferroptosis via Iron Dysregulation and Glutathione Metabolism Disruption: From Bioavailability to Mechanisms","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155544","article-title":"Dermal bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity of heavy metals in urban soils from a typical plateau city: Implication for human health","volume":"835","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143951","article-title":"Mechanisms of Cd and Cu induced toxicity in human gastric epithelial cells: oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis","volume":"756","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.04.013","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of dust-induced toxicity in human corneal epithelial cells: water and organic extract of office and house dust","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int. 92"}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651326000825?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651326000825?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T20:37:17Z","timestamp":1776717437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147651326000825"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0147651326000825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-6513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Refining heavy metal risk in Southwest China's mining soils: Bioaccessible fractions and cellular toxicity reveal overlooked Cr hazards","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.119753","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119753"}}