{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T20:45:33Z","timestamp":1786221933451,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012422","name":"Children's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZYGW-KF [2024]02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYGW-KF [2024]02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012422","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42477463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42477463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22236001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22236001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:29:41Z","timestamp":1780460981000},"page":"120329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Benzophenones exposure and precocious puberty in Chinese children: A case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"322","author":[{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoying","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanxi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianhe","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.04.037","article-title":"Hormonal activity, cytotoxicity and developmental toxicity of UV filters","volume":"131","author":"Bal\u00e1zs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04013-1","article-title":"The effect of environmental factors on precocious puberty in children: a case-control study","volume":"23","author":"Bigambo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113463","article-title":"Exposure to a mixture of personal care product and plasticizing chemicals in relation to reproductive hormones and menarche timing among 12-19 years old girls in NHANES 2013-2016","volume":"170","author":"Bigambo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0376-z","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent phenol and phthalate exposure and the age of menarche in Latina girls","volume":"17","author":"Binder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/54.1.138","article-title":"The estrogen receptor relative binding affinities of 188 natural and xenochemicals: structural diversity of ligands","volume":"54","author":"Blair","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104748","article-title":"Exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and age of menarche in adolescent girls in NHANES (2003-2008)","volume":"120","author":"Buttke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128495","article-title":"Structure-related endocrine-disrupting potential of environmental transformation products of benzophenone-type UV filters: a review","volume":"430","author":"Carstensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130634","article-title":"Primary and ultimate degradation of benzophenone-type UV filters under different environmental conditions and the underlying structure-biodegradability relationships","volume":"446","author":"Carstensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131617","article-title":"Trace analysis of benzophenone-type UV filters in water and their effects on human estrogen and androgen receptors","volume":"456","author":"Carstensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171386","article-title":"Single and combined exposures to bisphenol a and benzophenone-3 during early mouse pregnancy have differential effects on fetal and placental development","volume":"922","author":"Fischer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.01.007","article-title":"Bisphenol a and other phenols in urine from Danish children and adolescents analyzed by isotope diluted TurboFlow-LC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"216","author":"Frederiksen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.03.036","article-title":"Benzophenone-type UV filters in urine of Chinese young adults: concentration, source and exposure","volume":"203","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2021.1947990","article-title":"The association between sex hormones, pubertal milestones and benzophenone-3 exposure, measured by Urinary Biomarker or Questionnaire","volume":"32","author":"Giannini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey337","article-title":"Association of phthalates, parabens and phenols found in personal care products with pubertal timing in girls and boys","volume":"34","author":"Harley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)62032-6","article-title":"Systemic absorption of sunscreen after topical application","volume":"350","author":"Hayden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105961","article-title":"Organic UV filter exposure and pubertal development: a prospective follow-up study of urban Chinese adolescents","volume":"143","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172723","article-title":"Associations of pentachlorophenol exposure during pregnancy with maternal and infant reproductive hormones based on a birth cohort","volume":"932","author":"Huo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179740","article-title":"Benzophenone-3: a systematic review on aquatic toxicity, pollution status, environmental risk assessment, and treatment approaches","volume":"985","author":"Kotia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.011","article-title":"Exposure to UV filters during summer and winter in Danish kindergarten children","volume":"99","author":"Krause","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.08.006","article-title":"The effects of benzophenone-3 on apoptosis and the expression of sex hormone receptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats","volume":"296","author":"Krzy\u017canowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.07.014","article-title":"Estrogenic activity of UV filter mixtures","volume":"217","author":"Kunz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2006.06.016","article-title":"Multiple hormonal activities of UV filters and comparison of in vivo and in vitro estrogenic activity of ethyl-4-aminobenzoate in fish","volume":"79","author":"Kunz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib23","article-title":"Estrogen receptor\/androgen receptor transcriptional activation of benzophenone derivatives and integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA) for estrogenic effects","volume":"Vitro 100","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12473","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03885","article-title":"Comprehensive survey of 14 benzophenone UV filters in sunscreen products marketed in the United States: implications for human exposure","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib25","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Study on prevalence of precocious puberty and its influencing factors in Jinshan district of Shanghai","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Woman Child. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.003","article-title":"Blood pressure changes during pregnancy in relation to urinary paraben, triclosan and benzophenone concentrations: a repeated measures study","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02630-3","article-title":"Prevalence of precocious puberty among Chinese children: a school population-based study","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115650","article-title":"The environmental sources of benzophenones: distribution, pretreatment, analysis and removal techniques","volume":"267","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.015","article-title":"Benzophenone-UV filters in personal care products and urine of schoolchildren from Shenzhen, China: exposure assessment and possible source","volume":"640\u2013641","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.10.002","article-title":"Mechanism of microglial cell activation in the benzophenone-3 exposure model","volume":"533","author":"Maciejska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.07.017","article-title":"Profiling of benzophenone derivatives using fish and human estrogen receptor-specific in vitro bioassays","volume":"232","author":"Molina-Molina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.21137","article-title":"Effects of maternal and lactational exposure to 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzone on development and reproductive organs in male and female rat offspring","volume":"104","author":"Nakamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121912","article-title":"Adolescent exposure to benzophenone ultraviolet filters: cross-sectional associations with obesity, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and asthma\/allergy in six European biomonitoring studies","volume":"280","author":"Peinado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.02.037","article-title":"Levels, variability and determinants of environmental phenols in pairs of Norwegian mothers and children","volume":"114","author":"Sakhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02776-5","article-title":"Dermal exposure to the UV filter benzophenone-3 during early pregnancy affects fetal growth and sex ratio of the progeny in mice","volume":"94","author":"Santamaria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP150","article-title":"Serum testosterone concentrations and urinary bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, triclosan, and paraben levels in male and female children and adolescents: NHANES 2011-2012","volume":"124","author":"Scinicariello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143555","article-title":"Urinary sex steroids and anthropometric markers of puberty - a novel approach to characterising within-person changes of puberty hormones","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib38","unstructured":"Subspecialty Group of Endocrinologic, Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association, 2023. Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of central precocious puberty (2022). Chin. J. Pediatr. 61, 16\u201322."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib39","first-page":"412","article-title":"Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of central precocious puberty (2015)","volume":"53","author":"Subspecialty Group of Endocrinologic, Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172908","article-title":"Kisspeptin signaling in astrocytes modulates the reproductive axis","volume":"134","author":"Torres","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.13-020.Vandenberg","article-title":"Non-monotonic dose responses in studies of endocrine disrupting chemicals: bisphenol a as a case study","volume":"12","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13943-1","article-title":"Urinary benzophenones and synthetic progestin in Chinese adults and children: concentration, source and exposure","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12532","DOI":"10.1021\/es4032908","article-title":"Characteristic profiles of benzophenone-3 and its derivatives in urine of children and adults from the United States and China","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.08.004","article-title":"Effects of the UV filter benzophenone-2 on reproduction in fish","volume":"225","author":"Weisbrod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2022.113617","article-title":"Benzophenone-3, a chemical UV-filter in cosmetics: is it really safe for children and pregnant women?","volume":"39","author":"Wnuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.04.016","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to benzophenone-3 (BP-3) induces apoptosis, disrupts estrogen receptor expression and alters the epigenetic status of mouse neurons","volume":"182","author":"Wnuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.08.008","article-title":"Environmental phenols and pubertal development in girls","volume":"84","author":"Wolff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib48","first-page":"331","article-title":"Environmental endocrine disruptors in serum of sexually precocious girls","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Occup. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4520","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab448","article-title":"The use of morning urinary gonadotropins and sex hormones in the management of early puberty in Chinese girls","volume":"106","author":"Zhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138073","article-title":"Mixed exposure to phthalates and organic UV filters affects children\u2019s pubertal development in a gender-specific manner","volume":"320","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651326006585?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651326006585?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T20:34:40Z","timestamp":1786221280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147651326006585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0147651326006585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-6513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Benzophenones exposure and precocious puberty in Chinese children: A case-control study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120329","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120329"}}