{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T20:44:37Z","timestamp":1786221877452,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25HB2711800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25HB2711800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"VEGA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1\/0319\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0319\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003193","name":"Ministerstvo \u0161kolstva, vedy, v\u00fdskumu a \u0161portu Slovenskej republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:14:20Z","timestamp":1781018060000},"page":"120353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["When TiO2 meets pharmaceuticals: Photocatalytic degradation and environmental safety unveiled"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"322","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0477-278X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yilan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Makukov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"B\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Rou\u0161ar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2912-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"\u0160ev\u010dovi\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Roch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1208-2620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pixian","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7514-8627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nka","family":"Jel\u00ednkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton\u00edn","family":"Vl\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7535-7504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanlin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Monfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7394-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Motola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib1","article-title":"Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive","volume":"19","author":"(FAF)","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26164710","article-title":"Detection of oxidative stress induced by nanomaterials in cells\u2014the roles of reactive oxygen species and glutathione","author":"\u010capek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2017.06.001","article-title":"Comparison of glutathione levels measured using optimized monochlorobimane assay with those from ortho-phthalaldehyde assay in intact cells","volume":"88","author":"\u010capek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115891","article-title":"Toxic effects of NSAIDs in non-target species: a review from the perspective of the aquatic environment","volume":"273","author":"\u015awiacka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2017.07.030","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol over magnetic flower-like TiO2\/Fe2O3 core-shell nanostructures","volume":"347","author":"Abdel-Wahab","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00460-8","article-title":"Paracetamol oxidation from aqueous solutions by means of ozonation and H2O2\/UV system","volume":"37","author":"Andreozzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.11.010","article-title":"Nanotoxicology and in vitro studies: the need of the hour","volume":"258","author":"Arora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4253","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.4c00385","article-title":"Occurrence and removal efficiency of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in wastewater treatment plants: a systematic review from Southeast Asia","volume":"4","author":"Astuti","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S374955","article-title":"Evaluating the use of TiO2 nanoparticles for toxicity testing in pulmonary A549 cells","volume":"17","author":"Bacova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4484","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EN00217E","article-title":"Ceramic fibers do not exhibit larger toxicity in pulmonary epithelial cells than nanoparticles of the same chemical composition","volume":"9","author":"Bacova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib11","unstructured":"S.C.C.S. members: U. Bernauer, L.B.Q.C.P.J.C. (Chairperson), M.D.J.E.E.G.C.L.G.B.G.E.P.V.R.Ch.R.M.S.T.V.S.W. (Rapporteur), S.C.C.S. external experts: A. Koutsodimou, W.U.N.. von G, 2020. Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety SCCS OPINION on Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) used in cosmetic products that lead to exposure by inhalation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.12.018","article-title":"Moving into advanced nanomaterials. Toxicity of rutile TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized in nanokaolin nanocomposites on HepG2 cell line","volume":"316","author":"Bessa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114147","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: a current perspective","volume":"180","author":"Bindu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13020434","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol under simulated sunlight by four TiO2 commercial powders: an insight into the performance of two sub-micrometric anatase and rutile powders and a nanometric brookite powder","volume":"13","author":"Blangetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib15","first-page":"427","article-title":"Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs","author":"Boison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Anal. Non-Antimicrob. Vet. Drug. Residues Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2024.116227","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals using natural sand-based TiO2 catalysts: preparation, characterization, and reactivity","volume":"462","author":"Chahid","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2012.09.053","article-title":"Photocatalytic decomposition of pharmaceutical ibuprofen pollutions in water over titania catalyst","volume":"129","author":"Choina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.02.039","article-title":"Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: a review","volume":"44","author":"Chong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EN00981C","article-title":"An assessment of the dietary bioavailability of silver nanomaterials in rainbow trout using an ex vivo gut sac technique","volume":"6","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EN00188D","article-title":"Quantification of particulate Ag in rainbow trout organs following dietary exposure to silver nitrate, or two forms of engineered silver nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib21","unstructured":"Court of Justice of the European Union (November 23, 2022), 2022. The General Court annuls the Commission Delegated Regulation of 2019 in so far as it concerns the harmonised classification and labelling of titanium dioxide as a carcinogenic substance by inhalation in certain powder forms."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1128233","article-title":"Study on the removal characteristics and degradation pathways of highly toxic and refractory organic pollutants in real pharmaceutical factory wastewater treated by a pilot-scale integrated process","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109553","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation and pollutant-oriented structure-activity analysis of carbamazepine, ibuprofen and acetaminophen over faceted TiO2","volume":"11","author":"Dudziak","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.08.030","article-title":"Immunotoxicity, genotoxicity and epigenetic toxicity of nanomaterials: new strategies for toxicity testing?","volume":"109","author":"Dusinska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2018.11.005","article-title":"One-dimensional anodic TiO2 nanotubes coated by atomic layer deposition: towards advanced applications","volume":"14","author":"Dvorak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2011.598245","article-title":"Human primary bronchial epithelial cells respond differently to titanium dioxide nanoparticles than the lung epithelial cell lines A549 and BEAS-2B","volume":"6","author":"Ekstrand-Hammarstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109892","article-title":"A toxicological study on photo-degradation products of environmental ibuprofen: ecological and human health implications","volume":"188","author":"Ellepola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EN00584C","article-title":"Doing nano-enabled water treatment right: sustainability considerations from design and research through development and implementation","volume":"7","author":"Falinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2021.124986","article-title":"Aging of anodic titanium dioxide nanotubes in synthetic greywater: assessment of stability and retention of photocatalytic activity","volume":"272","author":"Farrugia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2025.101005","article-title":"Investigating the toxicity of photocatalytic degradation products from metronidazole using ZnO\/polyaniline and TiO2\/polyaniline nanocomposites: a bioassay study","volume":"321","author":"Farzadkia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.08.013","article-title":"Degradation of three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by UV\/persulfate: degradation mechanisms, efficiency in effluents disposal","volume":"356","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.08.022","article-title":"Emerging technologies for the control of biological contaminants in water treatment: a critical review","volume":"48","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17458080500463149","article-title":"Investigating the cellular response to nanofibrous materials by use of a multi-walled carbon nanotube model","volume":"1","author":"George","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Nanosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1021\/tx200334k","article-title":"Distinctive toxicity of TiO2 rutile\/anatase mixed phase nanoparticles on Caco-2 cells","volume":"25","author":"Gerloff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202400027","article-title":"2D TiO2 nanosheets decorated via sphere-Like BiVO4: a promising non-toxic material for liquid phase photocatalysis and bacterial eradication","author":"Hanif","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemSusChem N. \/a"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2024.2375400","article-title":"Understanding nanoparticle-liver interactions in nanomedicine","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug. Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2024.106598","article-title":"Ibuprofen photodegradation promoted by ZnO and TiO2-P25 nanoparticles: a comprehensive kinetic, reaction mechanisms, and thermodynamic investigation","volume":"69","author":"Hmoudah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.12.033","article-title":"Effects of various physicochemical characteristics on the toxicities of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles toward human lung epithelial cells","volume":"409","author":"Hsiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.05.121","article-title":"Integration of plasmonic effect into spindle-shaped MIL-88A(Fe): steering charge flow for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen","volume":"349","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165317","article-title":"Occurrence, toxicity, impact and removal of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): a review","volume":"898","author":"Huynh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.01.007","article-title":"Hydroxyl radical induced degradation of ibuprofen","volume":"447","author":"Ill\u00e9s","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191539","article-title":"Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of anatase-rutile mixed-phase nano-size powder given by high-temperature heat treatment","volume":"7","author":"Ishigaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115370","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the environment: where were we and how far we have come?","volume":"267","author":"Izadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85019-6","article-title":"Test conditions can significantly affect the results of in vitro cytotoxicity testing of degradable metallic biomaterials","volume":"11","author":"Jablonsk\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2024.105881","article-title":"1H NMR spectroscopic characterisation of HepG2 cells as a model metabolic system for toxicology studies","volume":"99","author":"Jinks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.13.1652","article-title":"Drug-drug interactions among elderly patients hospitalized for drug toxicity","volume":"289","author":"Juurlink","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14316","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-36547-5","article-title":"Advanced oxidation process-mediated removal of pharmaceuticals from water: a review of recent advances","volume":"32","author":"Kanakaraju","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.111532","article-title":"Modification strategies of TiO2 based photocatalysts for enhanced visible light activity and energy storage ability: a review","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.03.026","article-title":"Environmental fate of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in river water\/sediment systems","volume":"323","author":"Koumaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-022-00300-z","article-title":"The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19","volume":"32","author":"Kushner","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Prim. Care Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-6-14","article-title":"Comparative toxicity of 24 manufactured nanoparticles in human alveolar epithelial and macrophage cell lines","volume":"6","author":"Lanone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.114166","article-title":"Monitorization of ibuprofen, diclofenac and triclosan and their photolytic transformation products","volume":"215","author":"Le\u00f3n-Mor\u00e1n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.03.044","article-title":"Efficient photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen in aqueous solution using novel visible-light responsive graphene quantum dot\/AgVO3 nanoribbons","volume":"312","author":"Lei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200700595","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Lewinski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166897","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the environment: recent updates on the occurrence, fate, hazards and removal technologies","volume":"904","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.11.019","article-title":"Genotoxicity of nanomaterials: DNA damage and micronuclei induced by carbon nanotubes and graphite nanofibres in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"186","author":"Lindberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05041","article-title":"The technology horizon for photocatalytic water treatment: sunrise or sunset?","volume":"53","author":"Loeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2013.03.006","article-title":"The noncellular reduction of MTT tetrazolium salt by TiO2 nanoparticles and its implications for cytotoxicity assays","volume":"27","author":"Lupu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2013.10.035","article-title":"Proposed transformation pathway and evolution profile of diclofenac and ibuprofen transformation products during (sono)photocatalysis","volume":"147","author":"Michael","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27720","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA04340D","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen using titanium oxide: insights into the mechanism and preferential attack of radicals","volume":"11","author":"Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.10.010","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol: intermediates and total reaction mechanism","volume":"243","author":"Moctezuma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.07.019","article-title":"The modality of cell\u2013particle interactions drives the toxicity of nanosized CuO and TiO2 in human alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"222","author":"Moschini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.15419\/bmrat.v7i7.614","article-title":"Comparative cytotoxic effects of methanol, ethanol and DMSO on human cancer cell lines","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib64","unstructured":"Opinion on titanium dioxide (nano form) as UV-filter in sprays, 2018. [Publications Office of the European Union]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115769","article-title":"Critical review of technologies for the on-site treatment of hospital wastewater: from conventional to combined advanced processes","volume":"320","author":"Pariente","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123818","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanisms of enhanced degradation of ibuprofen by piezo-catalytic activation of persulfate","volume":"392","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137407","article-title":"Enriched nitrogen-doped carbon derived from expired drug with dual active sites as effective peroxymonosulfate activator: ultra-fast sulfamethoxazole degradation and mechanism insight","volume":"446","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18373","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA02469A","article-title":"A review on the degradation of acetaminophen by advanced oxidation process: pathway, by-products, biotoxicity, and density functional theory calculation","volume":"12","author":"Qutob","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.145803","article-title":"Rational fabrication of needle with spherical shape ternary reduced Graphene Oxide-HoVO4-TiO2 photocatalyst for degradation of ibuprofen under visible light","volume":"513","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.146875","article-title":"Why five decades of massive research on heterogeneous photocatalysis, especially on TiO2, has not yet driven to water disinfection and detoxification applications? Critical review of drawbacks and challenges","volume":"477","author":"Rengifo-Herrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201001374","article-title":"TiO2 nanotubes: synthesis and applications","volume":"50","author":"Roy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.12.016","article-title":"Abiotic degradation and environmental toxicity of ibuprofen: roles of mineral particles and solar radiation","volume":"131","author":"Rubasinghege","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19024","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c01771","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of rutile TiO2 nanoparticles for the toxicological effect on the H9c2 cell line from rats","volume":"8","author":"Santos-Aguilar","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvc.2024.1373320","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of naproxen using TiO2 single nanotubes","volume":"5","author":"Sep\u00falveda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108106","article-title":"Removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater: a review of adsorptive approaches, modelling and mechanisms for metformin and macrolides","volume":"10","author":"Shearer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2010.503944","article-title":"Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell line-A549","volume":"5","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1104","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen in water using TiO2 and ZnO under artificial UV and solar irradiation","volume":"91","author":"Tanveer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib78","series-title":"Protocols in In Vitro Hepatocyte Research","first-page":"333","article-title":"General Cytotoxicity Assessment by Means of the MTT Assay","author":"Tolosa","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib79","first-page":"148","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as emerging contaminants","volume":"89","author":"Tyumina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. (Russ. Fed. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.05.077","article-title":"Overview of the PCDD\/Fs degradation potential and formation risk in the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to wastewater treatment","volume":"118","author":"Vallejo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EN00174K","article-title":"The gut barrier and the fate of engineered nanomaterials: a view from comparative physiology","volume":"7","author":"van der Zande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.03.021","article-title":"Fate of diclofenac in municipal wastewater treatment plant \u2014 A review","volume":"69","author":"Vieno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib83","article-title":"Potential toxicity and safety evaluation of nanomaterials for the respiratory system and lung cancer","author":"Vlachogianni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lung Cancer Targets Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.057","article-title":"Insights of ibuprofen electro-oxidation on metal-oxide-coated Ti anodes: kinetics, energy consumption and reaction mechanisms","volume":"163","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2014.09.023","article-title":"Review of the progress in preparing nano TiO2: an important environmental engineering material","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2022.625","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity induced by metallic nanoparticles at the cellular level: a review","volume":"28","author":"Waris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.04.023","article-title":"Degradation of paracetamol in aqueous solutions by TiO2 photocatalysis","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.120813","article-title":"TiO2 nanoparticles and C-Nanofibers modified magnetic Fe3O4 nanospheres (TiO2@Fe3O4@C\u2013NF): a multifunctional hybrid material for magnetic solid-phase extraction of ibuprofen and photocatalytic degradation of drug molecules and azo dye","volume":"213","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.04.026","article-title":"Different toxicity of anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles on macrophages: involvement of difference in affinity to proteins and phospholipids","volume":"335","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130440","article-title":"A review of recent and emerging antimicrobial nanomaterials in wastewater treatment applications","volume":"278","author":"Yusuf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105339","article-title":"Comparison of cytotoxic, genotoxic, and DNA-protective effects of skyrin on cancerous vs. non-cancerous human cells","volume":"23","author":"Zaji\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib92","article-title":"Decoding Tio2 nanoparticle formation via nanotube disintegration: synthesis, thermal transformation, and photocatalytic synergy","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemNanoMat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128966","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol and bisphenol A by chitosan supported covalent organic framework thin film with visible light irradiation","volume":"435","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06015-8","article-title":"Imperfect hydroxyapatite bioceramics derived from golden pomfret have enhanced osteogenic properties","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651326006822?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147651326006822?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T20:22:05Z","timestamp":1786220525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147651326006822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S0147651326006822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-6513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"When TiO2 meets pharmaceuticals: Photocatalytic degradation and environmental safety unveiled","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120353","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120353"}}