{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T20:59:57Z","timestamp":1785185997825,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T07:57:58Z","timestamp":1782806278000},"page":"120446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["PM2.5-dominant disruption of male reproductive hormone homeostasis: Prospective cohort evidence on differential effects from fine versus coarse particulate matter"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"321","author":[{"given":"Wanjun","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifen","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0908-3450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-322815","article-title":"Environmental exposure to phthalates and dementia with lewy bodies: Contribution of metabolomics","volume":"91","author":"Agin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13001","article-title":"Male seminal parameters are not associated with leydig cell functional capacity in men","volume":"9","author":"Anand-Ivell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03871-7","article-title":"Revisiting cadmium-induced toxicity in the male reproductive system: An update","volume":"98","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Brauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP16554","article-title":"Source-specific air pollution and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A pooled cohort study","author":"Cantuaria","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.12.040","article-title":"Influence of particle size on regional lung deposition \u2013 what evidence is there?","volume":"406","author":"Carvalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138377","article-title":"Ambient pm(2.5) exposure, physical activity, and cardiovascular dysfunction: Analysis of charls data and experimental study in mice","volume":"493","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116883","article-title":"Exposure to fine particulate matter-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, male semen quality, and reproductive hormones: The marchs study","volume":"280","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut. (Barking Essex 1987)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2025.114562","article-title":"Fine particulate matter components and reproductive hormones in female adults: A 15-year longitudinal cohort study","volume":"266","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13947","article-title":"Association of residential greenness exposure with depression incidence in adults 50 years of age and older: Findings from the cohort study on global ageing and adult health (sage) in china","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091226","article-title":"Adipocytes esr1 expression, body fat and response to testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men vary according to estradiol levels","volume":"10","author":"Colleluori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00199-2","article-title":"Male hypogonadism: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"12","author":"De Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57026","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP14849","article-title":"Perinatal exposures to ambient fine particulate matter and outdoor artificial light at night and risk of pediatric papillary thyroid cancer","volume":"133","author":"Deziel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166941","article-title":"Associations of long-term exposure to air pollution and green space with reproductive hormones among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology: A longitudinal study","volume":"905","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116915","article-title":"Long-term effect of fine particulate matter constituents on reproductive hormones homeostasis in women attending assisted reproductive technologies: A population-based longitudinal study","volume":"284","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170701","article-title":"Mettl3-m6a-sirt1 axis affects autophagic flux contributing to pm(2.5)-induced inhibition of testosterone production in leydig cells","volume":"918","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70279","article-title":"Effects of pm2.5 metal components derived from porcine farm exposure on sperm function in mice","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02543-4","article-title":"Unveiling the nexus between environmental exposures and testicular damages: Revelations from autophagy and oxidative stress imbalance","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. death Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c09573","article-title":"Organophosphate esters, sperm mitochondrial DNA copy number, and semen quality: A longitudinal study with repeated measurements","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. & Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib20","first-page":"74851","article-title":"Filtered air intervention modulates hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid\/gonadal axes by attenuating inflammatory responses in adult rats after fine particulate matter","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"pm2. 5) Expo."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131827","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of the air-borne particles: From molecular events to human diseases","volume":"457","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155252","article-title":"Inverse association between ambient particulate matter and semen quality in central china: Evidence from a prospective cohort study of 15,112 participants","volume":"833","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.2001.00268.x","article-title":"Prolactin and leydig cells: Biphasic effects of prolactin on lh-, t3- and gh-induced testosterone\/oestradiol secretion by leydig cells in pubertal rats","volume":"24","author":"Maran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.03.042","article-title":"Chronic pm2.5 exposure and inflammation: Determining sensitive subgroups in mid-life women","volume":"132","author":"Ostro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132735","article-title":"Association of pm(2.5) mass and its components with ovarian reserve in a northern peninsular province, china: The critical exposure period and components","volume":"462","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00633-z","article-title":"Estrogen counteracts age-related decline in beige adipogenesis through the nampt-regulated er stress response","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22668","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c04304","article-title":"A comparative analysis on indoor and outdoor pm(2.5) and their hourly associations with acute respiratory inflammation among college students in lhasa","volume":"58","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. & Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.11.010","article-title":"Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis: Pathophysiology of hypogonadism","volume":"51","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.008","article-title":"Associations of green space metrics with health and behavior outcomes at different buffer sizes and remote sensing sensor resolutions","volume":"126","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145691","article-title":"Acute effects of short-term exposure to ambient air pollution on reproductive hormones in young males of the marhcs study in china","volume":"774","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-022-00971-w","article-title":"Follicle-stimulating hormone signaling in sertoli cells: A licence to the early stages of spermatogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168317","article-title":"Associations between exposure to air pollution and sex hormones during the menopausal transition","volume":"908","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.125896","article-title":"Wtap-mediated m(6)a modification of hmgb2 contributes to spermatogenic damage induced by pm(2.5) exposure","volume":"370","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106483","article-title":"Long-term exposure to particulate matter and residential greenness in relation to androgen and progesterone levels among rural chinese adults","volume":"153","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112136","article-title":"Reconstructing 1-km-resolution high-quality pm2.5 data records from 2000 to 2018 in china: Spatiotemporal variations and policy implications","volume":"252","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106290","article-title":"The chinahighpm10 dataset: Generation, validation, and spatiotemporal variations from 2015 to 2019 across china","volume":"146","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115599","article-title":"Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier permeability of metals\/metalloids and its determinants in pediatric patients","volume":"266","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161892","article-title":"Association between exposure to ambient air pollution and semen quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"870","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108419","article-title":"Exposure measurement error in time-series studies of air pollution: Concepts and consequences","volume":"108","author":"Zeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107544","article-title":"Genome-wide alternation and effect of DNA methylation in the impairments of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis after pm(2.5) exposure","volume":"169","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113117","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and blood sex hormones levels in men","volume":"211","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2023-0064","article-title":"Impacts and potential mechanisms of fine particulate matter (pm(2.5)) on male testosterone biosynthesis disruption","volume":"39","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP14447","article-title":"Fine particulate matter (pm2.5) and the blood-testis barrier: An in vivo and in vitro mechanistic study","volume":"133","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05206","article-title":"Exposures to atmospheric pm(10) and pm(10-2.5) affect male semen quality: Results of marhcs study","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. & Technol."}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014765132600775X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014765132600775X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T20:18:24Z","timestamp":1785183504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S014765132600775X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S014765132600775X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-6513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-6513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"PM2.5-dominant disruption of male reproductive hormone homeostasis: Prospective cohort evidence on differential effects from fine versus coarse particulate matter","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120446","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120446"}}