{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:33:13Z","timestamp":1791894793564,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T02:29:44Z","timestamp":1667960984000},"page":"108147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Spatial and temporal variations of estuarine stratification and flushing time across the continental U.S."],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"279","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9868-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Detenbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingde","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2007.05.008","article-title":"Embayment characteristic time and biology via tidal prism model","volume":"74","author":"Abdelrhman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1999.0515","article-title":"Use of a date-specific method to examine variability in the flushing times of Georgia estuaries","volume":"49","author":"Alber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"C11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib3","article-title":"Mapping exchange and residence time in a model of Willapa Bay, Washington, a branching, macrotidal estuary","volume":"110","author":"Banas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.08.028","article-title":"Effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation's estuaries: a decade of change","volume":"8","author":"Bricker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1999.0544","article-title":"Tidal circulation and residence time in a macrotidal estuary: Cobscook Bay, Maine. Estuarine","volume":"49","author":"Brooks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Coastal and Shelf Science"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5116","DOI":"10.1021\/es034198+","article-title":"Transport dynamics in a sheltered estuary and connecting tidal straits: SF6 tracer study in New York Harbor","volume":"37","author":"Caplow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2307\/1352733","article-title":"Measured and modeled effects of benthic algae on eutrophication in Indian River-Rehoboth Bay, Delaware","volume":"20","author":"Cerco","year":"1997","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"issue":"C12","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29885","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900166","article-title":"The influence of tidal range on the exchange between San Diego Bay and the ocean","volume":"104","author":"Chadwick","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-019-00636-9","article-title":"Enhanced exchange flow during spring tide and its cause in the Sumjin River Estuary, Korea","volume":"43","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S272","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10537","article-title":"Ecosystem variability along the estuarine salinity gradient: examples from long-term study of San Francisco Bay","volume":"62","author":"Cloern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib11","series-title":"Further Analysis and Synthesis of Narragansett Bay (RI\/MA USA) Oxygen, Chlorophyll, and Temperature. NBEP Technical Report","author":"Codiga","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib12","series-title":"Conservancy of Southwest Florida: Naples, FL","article-title":"Estuaries Report Card: a guide to understanding the health of Southwest Florida's rivers, estuaries and bays","year":"2017"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.008","article-title":"Eulerian and Lagrangian transport time scales of a tidal active coastal basin","volume":"220","author":"Cucco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.3101","article-title":"High-quality spatial climate data sets for the United States and beyond","volume":"43","author":"Daly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transactions of the ASAE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib15","series-title":"Fundamentals of Estuarine Physical Oceanography","volume":"vol. 8","author":"de Miranda","year":"2017"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-019-00614-1","article-title":"Recent changes in nitrogen sources and load components to estuaries of the contiguous United States","volume":"42","author":"Detenbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib17","series-title":"Proceedings, 33rd IAHR 2009 Congress-Water Engineering for a Sustainable Environment","first-page":"5284","article-title":"E-Estuary: developing a decision-support system for coastal management in the conterminous United States. Conference Proceedings","author":"Detenbeck","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.10.013","article-title":"Seasonal changes in estuarine dissolved organic matter due to variable flushing time and wind-driven mixing events","volume":"151","author":"Dixon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4518","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC013855","article-title":"Role of baroclinic processes on flushing characteristics in a highly stratified estuarine system, Mobile Bay, Alabama","volume":"123","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib20","series-title":"Estuaries-a Physical Introduction","first-page":"136","article-title":"Partially mixed and well-mixed estuaries","author":"Dyer","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0302-3524(73)90030-3","article-title":"A simple, segmented prism model of tidal mixing in well-mixed estuaries","volume":"1","author":"Dyer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Mar. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-006-9372-9","article-title":"A classification of US estuaries based on physical and hydrologic attributes","volume":"129","author":"Engle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2004.03.015","article-title":"Application of digital bathymetry data in an analysis of flushing times of two large estuaries","volume":"30","author":"Ensign","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib24","series-title":"Mixing in Estuaries Chapter 7 in Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters","first-page":"229","author":"Fischer","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib25","series-title":"Sea Grant Project Office, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","article-title":"Mathematical simulation of tidal time-averages of salinity and velocity profiles in estuaries","author":"Fisher","year":"1972"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2307\/1352769","article-title":"The importance of suppression of turbulence by stratification on the estuarine turbidity maximum","volume":"16","author":"Geyer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib27","first-page":"26","article-title":"Estuarine salinity structure and circulation","volume":"12","author":"Geyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contemporary issues in estuarine physics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-010313-141302","article-title":"The estuarine circulation","volume":"46","author":"Geyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib29","series-title":"The Impact of Drought on Coastal Ecosystems in the Carolinas: State of Knowledge Report January 2012","author":"Gilbert","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib30","series-title":"A Conservation Assessment of West Coast (USA) Estuaries","first-page":"65","author":"Gleason","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1995)025<1243:TIOEVF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The influence of eddy viscosity formulation, bottom topography, and wind-wave effects upon the circulation of a shallow bay","volume":"25","author":"Glorioso","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-12-0129.1","article-title":"Estuary classification revisited","volume":"43","author":"Guha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:7(675)","article-title":"Method for quantifying freshwater input and flushing time in estuaries","volume":"126","author":"Guo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib34","article-title":"The calculation of estuarine flushing times in convergent estuaries using fresh-water fraction method","author":"Haddout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. River Basin Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.2307\/1353325","article-title":"Estimation of net physical transport and hydraulic residence times for a coastal plain estuary using box models","volume":"23","author":"Hagy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib36","first-page":"943","article-title":"Currents and mixing in the Columbia River estuary","volume":"2","author":"Hansen","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ocean Sci. Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib37","series-title":"Gravitational Circulation in Straits and Estuaries","author":"Hansen","year":"1966"},{"issue":"398","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478440","article-title":"Generalized additive models: some applications","volume":"82","author":"Hastie","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-950X(1998)124:2(82)","article-title":"Residence time of freshwater in Boston's inner harbor","volume":"124","author":"Hilton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Waterw. Port, Coast. Ocean Eng."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.1088","article-title":"Modelling residence-time response to freshwater input in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, USA","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib41","first-page":"190","article-title":"An alternative family of transformations","volume":"29","author":"John","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc.: Ser. C (Applied Statistics)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.12016","article-title":"Stratification variability in a lagoon system in response to a passing storm","volume":"67","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib43","first-page":"198","article-title":"The flushing of tidal estuaries [with Discussion]","volume":"23","author":"Ketchum","year":"1951","journal-title":"Sewage Ind. Wastes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4217\/OPR.2003.25.1.075","article-title":"Water balance and flushing time in the restricted Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida USA","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ocean Polar Res."},{"issue":"316","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib45","first-page":"320","article-title":"A hydrographic theorem","volume":"28","author":"Knudsen","year":"1900","journal-title":"Ann. Hydrogr. Marit. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2017.01.011","article-title":"Impacts of the 2014 severe drought on the Microcystis bloom in San Francisco Estuary","volume":"63","author":"Lehman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2018.08.002","article-title":"Dynamics of sediment transport and stratification in changjiang River Estuary, China","volume":"213","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"C4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib48","article-title":"Summertime tidal flushing of Barataria Bay: transports of water and suspended sediments","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2019.103219","article-title":"Hydrodynamics and water circulation in the New York\/New Jersey Harbor: a study from the perspective of water age","volume":"199","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib50","series-title":"A Review of Water Characteristics of Grays Harbor 1938-1979 and an Evaluation of Possible Effects of the Widening and Deepening Project upon Present Water Characteristics","author":"Loehr","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib51","series-title":"Ocean Sciences Meeting 2020","article-title":"NOAA NCEI CUDEM Program-Continuously-updated digital elevation models-Development and research","author":"Love","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib52","first-page":"185","article-title":"Difference equation-based estuarine flushing model application to US Gulf of Mexico estuaries","author":"Lowery","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Coast Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120308-081015","article-title":"Advances in estuarine physics","volume":"2","author":"MacCready","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0302-6","article-title":"Estimation of flushing time in a monsoonal estuary using observational and numerical approaches","volume":"64","author":"Manoj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib55","series-title":"Flushing Time versus Residence Time for the Great Bay Estuary","author":"Matso","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib56","series-title":"NHDPlus Version 2: User Guide","author":"McKay","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1991.36.3.0602","article-title":"Estimating estuarine flushing and residence times in Charlotte Harbor, Florida, via salt balance and box model","volume":"36","author":"Miller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1111\/1752-1688.12685","article-title":"A database of natural monthly streamflow estimates from 1950 to 2015 for the conterminous United States","volume":"54","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib59","series-title":"Estuarine Exchange Model of the Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds","author":"Molina","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib60","first-page":"95","article-title":"High cyanobacterial abundance in three northeastern Gulf of Mexico estuaries","volume":"17","author":"Murrell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gulf Caribb. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib61","article-title":"Seasonal cycles of phytoplankton biomass and primary production in a tropical temporarily open-closed estuarine lagoon - the effect of an extreme climatic event","volume":"723","author":"Navas-Parejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib62","first-page":"65","article-title":"Box models revisited","volume":"vol. 11","author":"Officer","year":"1980"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7714(91)90031-6","article-title":"On estimating the non-advective tidal exchanges and advective gravitational circulation exchanges in an estuary","volume":"32","author":"Officer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib64","series-title":"National Estuarine Inventory Data Atlas: Physical and Hydrologic Characteristics","volume":"vol. 1","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib65","series-title":"Seasonal Hydrography and Hypoxia of Coos Bay","author":"O'Neill","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-015-2200-x","article-title":"Impacts of droughts and low flows on estuarine water quality and benthic fauna","volume":"753","author":"Palmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2307\/1352116","article-title":"On the residence time of water in Narragansett Bay","volume":"8","author":"Pilson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7714(85)90111-8","article-title":"On salinity regimes and the vertical structure of residual flows in narrow tidal estuaries","volume":"20","author":"Prandle","year":"1985","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.06.024","article-title":"Effect of nutrient pollution on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages across estuaries of the NW Atlantic","volume":"121","author":"Price","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estuarine circulation patterns","volume":"81","author":"Pritchard","year":"1955","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JPO3808.1","article-title":"Subtidal salinity and velocity in the hudson River Estuary: observations and modeling","volume":"38","author":"Ralston","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib72","series-title":"2012 Oceans","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automated quality control of high frequency radar data","author":"Roarty","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064229317030103","article-title":"Use of empirical Bayesian kriging for revealing heterogeneities in the distribution of organic carbon on agricultural lands","volume":"50","author":"Samsonova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurasian Soil Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-950X(1992)118:6(635)","article-title":"Model for estimating tidal flushing of small embayments","volume":"118","author":"Sanford","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Waterway Port Coast. Ocean Eng.-ASCE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib75","series-title":"State of the Estuary 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib76","series-title":"Fresh Water-Salt Water Density Currents: A Major Cause of Siltation in Estuaries","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Schultz","year":"1957"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1993.1032","article-title":"Canonical parameters for estuary classification","volume":"36","author":"Scott","year":"1993","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02693915","article-title":"Control of estuarine stratification and mixing by wind-induced straining of the estuarine density field","volume":"28","author":"Scully","year":"2005","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3319\/TAO.2011.08.22.01(Hy)","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation of flushing time in the sumjin River Estuary","volume":"23","author":"Shaha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Terr. Atmos. Ocean Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02692226","article-title":"A comparison of residence time calculations using simple compartment models of the Altamaha River estuary, Georgia","volume":"25","author":"Sheldon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02784705","article-title":"The calculation of estuarine turnover times using Freshwater Fraction and Tidal Prism Models: a critical evaluation","volume":"29","author":"Sheldon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2004.06.010","article-title":"Calculating age and residence time in the tidal York River using three-dimensional model experiments","volume":"61","author":"Shen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2006.01.014","article-title":"Modeling study of the influences of tide and stratification on age of water in the tidal James River. Estuarine","volume":"68","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coastal and Shelf Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2007.05.017","article-title":"Determining the age of water and long-term transport timescale of the Chesapeake Bay","volume":"74","author":"Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib85","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some effects of upload discharge on estuarine hydraulics","volume":"81","author":"Simmons","year":"1955","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib86","isbn-type":"print","first-page":"29","article-title":"Hydrography, mixing characteristics, and residence times of Gulf of Mexico estuaries","author":"Solis","year":"1999","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9780471161745"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1641\/B570707","article-title":"Marine Ecoregions of the World: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas","volume":"57","author":"Spalding","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib88","first-page":"86","article-title":"The data management system for the global temperature and salinity profile Programme","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Ocean Obs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib89","series-title":"Standards, Criteria, and Procedures for NOAA Evaluation of Tsunami Numerical Models: Seattle, WA","author":"Synolakis","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2112\/SI76-007","article-title":"Creating a coastal national elevation database (CoNED) for science and conservation applications","author":"Thatcher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Coast Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib92","series-title":"Ecohealth Report Cards","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib93","series-title":"National Coastal Condition Assessment 2010","year":"2015"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(98)00067-3","article-title":"Enhanced stratification in the lower Chesapeake Bay following Northeasterly winds","volume":"18","author":"Valle-Levinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Continent. Shelf Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-008-9112-1","article-title":"Residual exchange flows in subtropical estuaries","volume":"32","author":"Valle-Levinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1997.0281","article-title":"Estimation of dispersion and characteristic mixing times in Plum Island Sound estuary","volume":"46","author":"Vallino","year":"1998","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.01.020","article-title":"An \u2019extreme\u2019 future for estuaries? Effects of extreme climatic events on estuarine water quality and ecology","volume":"69","author":"Wetz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib98","article-title":"The ideal response of a Gulf of Mexico estuary plume to wind forcing: its connection with salt flux and a Lagrangian view","volume":"116","author":"Xia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib99","series-title":"Wind-driven Dispersion, Residence Time and Connectivity of Great South Bay","author":"Yang","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JPO4249.1","article-title":"Simulation of water age and residence time in New York Bight","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."}],"container-title":["Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027277142200405X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027277142200405X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T06:07:35Z","timestamp":1759471655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027277142200405X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["S027277142200405X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-7714"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-7714","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spatial and temporal variations of estuarine stratification and flushing time across the continental U.S.","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108147","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108147"}}