{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T22:18:18Z","timestamp":1762553898243,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006808","name":"University of North Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006808","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG071448","U01AG071450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG071448","U01AG071450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Economics &amp; Human Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T02:44:51Z","timestamp":1748486691000},"page":"101498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effects of adolescent depression and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder on educational attainment in adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5617-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1146-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01934-5","article-title":"Mental health and academic performance: A study on selection and causation effects from childhood to early adulthood","volume":"56","author":"Agnafors","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.11.1264","article-title":"Disparity in depression treatment among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States","volume":"59","author":"Alegr\u00eda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.2.366","article-title":"Depression and pessimism for the future: Biased use of statistically relevant information in predictions for self versus others","volume":"52","author":"Alloy","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"year":"2019","series-title":"Mental health, schooling attainment and polygenic scores: Are there significant gene-environment associations?","author":"Amin","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b4"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Mental health, schooling attainment and polygenic scores: Are there significant genetic-environmental associations?","author":"Amin","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2307\/2137205","article-title":"Marital disruption and depression in a community sample","author":"Aseltine","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181-012-0604-2","article-title":"Interaction effects in econometrics","volume":"45","author":"Balli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Empir. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2021.102023","article-title":"The effect of education on spousal education: A genetic approach","volume":"71","author":"Barban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Labour Econ."},{"year":"2011","series-title":"Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (Baars-IV)","author":"Barkley","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b9"},{"year":"2014","series-title":"Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Barkley","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b10"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856213497986","article-title":"The psychological impact of losing a friend to suicide","volume":"21","author":"Bartik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0320-8","article-title":"Multivariate genome-wide analyses of the well-being spectrum","volume":"51","author":"Baselmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01750.x","article-title":"ADHD and gender: Are risks and Sequela of ADHD the same for boys and girls?","volume":"48","author":"Bauermeister","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"year":"1964","series-title":"Human Capital, a Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education","author":"Becker","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b14"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.211767","article-title":"Effects of family structure on mental health of children: A preliminary study","volume":"39","author":"Behere","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.2307\/2109413","article-title":"Sheepskin effects in the returns to education: An examination of women and minorities","volume":"73","author":"Belman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7275","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801238115","article-title":"Genetic analysis of social-class mobility in five longitudinal studies","volume":"115","author":"Belsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.6.940","article-title":"Lost human capital from early-onset chronic depression","volume":"157","author":"Berndt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0403","article-title":"Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: A controlled study of 1001 adults in the community","volume":"67","author":"Biederman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.06.009","article-title":"Predictors of persistent ADHD: an 11-year follow-up study","volume":"45","author":"Biederman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.12.010","article-title":"How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD","volume":"177","author":"Biederman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"year":"1955","series-title":"Psychological Counseling","author":"Bordin","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b22"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Polygenic scores (PGSs) in the National longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health (add health) \u2013 Release 2","author":"Braudt","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b23"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.06.014","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent onset psychiatric disorders, substance use, and failure to graduate high school on time","volume":"45","author":"Breslau","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810290082015","article-title":"Poverty and psychiatric status: longitudinal evidence from the New Haven epidemiologic catchment area study","volume":"48","author":"Bruce","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022073","article-title":"Attraction as a linear function of proportion of positive reinforcements","volume":"1","author":"Byrne","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2021-218074","article-title":"Effects of depression on employment and social outcomes: A mendelian randomisation study","volume":"76","author":"Campbell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2022.08.015","article-title":"Too healthy to fall sick? Longevity expectations and protective health behaviours during the first wave of COVID-19","volume":"202","author":"Celidoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.06.006","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders and labor market outcomes: Evidence from the national comorbidity survey-replication","volume":"30","author":"Chatterji","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Heal. Econ."},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Guidelines for Analyzing Add Health Data","author":"Chen","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b30"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.14344","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence and incidence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder among adults and children of different racial and ethnic groups","volume":"2","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"year":"1966","series-title":"Equality of Educational Opportunity","author":"Coleman","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b32"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.119.1.51","article-title":"For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations","volume":"119","author":"Collins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"540","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b34","article-title":"The impact of inattention, hyperactivity\/impulsivity symptoms, and executive functions on learning behaviors of children with ADHD","volume":"8","author":"Colomer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00139","article-title":"Plausibly exogenous","volume":"94","author":"Conley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2003.0029","article-title":"The dynamic properties of social support: Decay, growth, and staticity, and their effects on adolescent depression","volume":"81","author":"Cornwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc. Forces"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2006.03.001","article-title":"Child mental health and human capital accumulation: the case of ADHD","volume":"25","author":"Currie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Heal. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.03.001","article-title":"Risky decision making in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-regression analysis","volume":"45","author":"Dekkers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0269-7","article-title":"Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"51","author":"Demontis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0269-7","article-title":"Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"51","author":"Demontis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2008.11.006","article-title":"The impact of poor health on academic performance: New evidence using genetic markers","volume":"28","author":"Ding","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Heal. Econ."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x","article-title":"Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Duckworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596-019-01127-6","article-title":"Unconscious bias and the diagnosis of disruptive behavior disorders and ADHD in African American and Hispanic youth","volume":"44","author":"Fadus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Academic Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.04.025","article-title":"Depression underdiagnosis: Prevalence and associated factors. A population-based study","volume":"151","author":"Faisal-Cury","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003917","article-title":"Personality traits among ADHD adults: Implications of late-onset and subthreshold diagnoses","volume":"39","author":"Faraone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.3.225","article-title":"Mental health, educational, and social role outcomes of adolescents with depression","volume":"59","author":"Fergusson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1319","article-title":"Adolescent depression: Diagnosis, treatment, and educational attainment","volume":"17","author":"Fletcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heal. Econ."},{"year":"2009","series-title":"Adolescent Depression and Educational Attainment: Results Using Sibling Fixed Effects","author":"Fletcher","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b48"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4284\/0038-4038-2011.193","article-title":"Adolescent depression and adult labor market outcomes","volume":"80","author":"Fletcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"South. Econ. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2007.10.010","article-title":"Child mental health and human capital accumulation: the case of ADHD revisited","volume":"27","author":"Fletcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Heal. Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b51","first-page":"119","article-title":"Long-term consequences of childhood ADHD on criminal activities","volume":"12","author":"Fletcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ment. Heal. Policy Econ."},{"year":"1995","series-title":"DSM-IV Guidebook","author":"Frances","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b52"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-014-0126-1","article-title":"Childhood and persistent ADHD symptoms associated with educational failure and long-term occupational disability in adult ADHD","volume":"6","author":"Fredriksen","year":"2014","journal-title":"ADHD Atten. Deficit Hyperact. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1057\/eej.2014.22","article-title":"What you do in high school matters: High school GPA, educational attainment, and labor market earnings as a young adult","volume":"41","author":"French","year":"2014","journal-title":"East. Econ. J."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3083","article-title":"The effect of mental health on employment: evidence from Australian panel data","volume":"23","author":"Frijters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heal. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4871","article-title":"The effect of social media use on mental health of college students during the pandemic","author":"Fruehwirth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heal. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025775311259","article-title":"Behavioral characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a school-based population","volume":"25","author":"Gaub","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00011","article-title":"Gender differences in ADHD: A meta-analysis and critical review","volume":"36","author":"Gaub","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2021.1914663","article-title":"ADHD prevalence in the psychiatric population","volume":"26","author":"Gerhand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b60","first-page":"23591","article-title":"Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1999.03478.x","article-title":"Awareness, diagnosis, and treatment of depression","volume":"14","author":"Goldman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230701653294","article-title":"Gender issues in depression","volume":"19","author":"Grigoriadis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938","article-title":"Stress and depression","volume":"1","author":"Hammen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b64","series-title":"The Economics of Education","first-page":"161","article-title":"Education production functions","author":"Hanushek","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b65","series-title":"Children of Immigrants: Health, Adjustment, and Public Assistance","first-page":"286","article-title":"The health status and risk behavior of adolescents in immigrant families","author":"Harris","year":"1999"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz115","article-title":"Cohort profile: The national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health (add health)","volume":"48","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654313497517","article-title":"Educational accommodations for students with behavioral challenges","volume":"83","author":"Harrison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1086\/504455","article-title":"The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior","volume":"24","author":"Heckman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Labor Econ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2004.09.002","article-title":"Poverty in the family: Race, siblings, and socioeconomic heterogeneity","volume":"35","author":"Heflin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00670","article-title":"Clinical depression and punishment sensitivity on the BART","volume":"8","author":"Hevey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2307\/1937919","article-title":"Sheepskin effects in the returns to education","volume":"69","author":"Hungerford","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00345","article-title":"Parents\u2019 roles in shaping early adolescents\u2019 occupational aspirations","volume":"72","author":"Jodl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714003183","article-title":"Persistence and remission of ADHD during adulthood: a 7-year clinical follow-up study","volume":"45","author":"Karam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"S26","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000293239","article-title":"Depression: A long-term illness","volume":"165","author":"Keller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9472-4","article-title":"The academic experience of male high school students with ADHD","volume":"39","author":"Kent","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.10.1142","article-title":"Association between smoking and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a population-based sample of young adults","volume":"62","author":"Kollins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4565","article-title":"Mental health effects of education","volume":"31","author":"Kondirolli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heal. Econ."},{"issue":"6374","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6877","article-title":"The nature of nurture: Effects of parental genotypes","volume":"359","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci."},{"issue":"67","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b79","first-page":"1","article-title":"European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD","volume":"10","author":"Kooij","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2307\/146060","article-title":"Schooling as human capital or a signal: Some evidence","volume":"29","author":"Kroch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Hum. Resour."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405901206","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder: Effects on psychosocial functioning and implications for treatment","volume":"59","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.08.024","article-title":"The genetics of depression: A review","volume":"60","author":"Levinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b83","article-title":"The effect of perceived stress on depression in college students: The role of emotion regulation and positive psychological capital","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsl054","article-title":"Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD","volume":"32","author":"Loe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf182","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"157","author":"Lorant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b86","article-title":"Non-cognitive skills as human capital","volume":"77","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ. Ski. Tech. Chang.: Implic. Futur. US GDP Growth"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b87","first-page":"10","article-title":"Parental depression, stress, anxiety and childhood behavior problems among single parent families","volume":"9","author":"Malik","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pak. Psychiatr. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.03.004","article-title":"Human demographic history impacts genetic risk prediction across diverse populations","volume":"100","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"year":"1990","series-title":"Event History Analysis in Life Course Research","author":"Mayer","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b89"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b90","first-page":"137","article-title":"Adult ADHD and comorbid depression: A consensus-derived diagnostic algorithm for ADHD","volume":"5","author":"McIntosh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146512462888","article-title":"Adolescent mental health, behavior problems, and academic achievement","volume":"53","author":"McLeod","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.05.017","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the National comorbidity survey replication\u2013adolescent supplement (NCS-A)","volume":"49","author":"Merikangas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054709347189","article-title":"Fading memories: retrospective recall inaccuracies in ADHD","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"year":"1974","series-title":"Schooling, Experience, and Earnings","author":"Mincer","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b94"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181-023-02483-x","article-title":"The causal impact of mental health on tobacco and alcohol consumption: an instrumental variables approach","volume":"66","author":"Mitrou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Empir. Econ."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256228","article-title":"Basic and complex cognitive functions in adult ADHD","volume":"16","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/108705479600100303","article-title":"Prevalence of DSM-IV symptoms of ADHD in adult licensed drivers: Implications for clinical diagnosis","volume":"1","author":"Murphy","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(96)90022-X","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults: Comorbidities and adaptive impairments","volume":"37","author":"Murphy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002839","article-title":"Polygenic risk, stressful life events and depressive symptoms in older adults: A polygenic score analysis","volume":"45","author":"Musliner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2017.1382499","article-title":"Anxiety and depression among college students with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Cross-informant, sex, and subtype differences","volume":"66","author":"Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Heal."},{"year":"2022","series-title":"2022 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health","author":"NSCH","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b101"},{"year":"2021","series-title":"Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2021 National survey on drug use and health","author":"NSDUH","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b102"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0338-x","article-title":"Inattentive behavior in boys with ADHD during classroom instruction: The mediating role of working memory processes","volume":"46","author":"Orban","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2010.492391","article-title":"Gender differences in depression","volume":"22","author":"Parker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000329","article-title":"Under-diagnosis of mood disorders in Canada","volume":"26","author":"Pelletier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b106","series-title":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment","first-page":"547","article-title":"Treatment of ADHD in school settings","author":"Pfiffner","year":"2006"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10121732","article-title":"Childhood trajectories of inattention and hyperactivity and prediction of educational attainment in early adulthood: A 16-year longitudinal population-based study","volume":"168","author":"Pingault","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1019-y","article-title":"Risk-taking behavior in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A review of potential underlying mechanisms and of interventions","volume":"21","author":"Pollak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1847","article-title":"Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies","volume":"38","author":"Price","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720000665","article-title":"ADHD and depression: Investigating a causal explanation","volume":"51","author":"Riglin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199101000-00009","article-title":"Screening for adolescent depression: A comparison of depression scales","volume":"30","author":"Roberts","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002535","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Rock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-327","article-title":"Do inattention and hyperactivity symptoms equal scholastic impairment? evidence from three European cohorts","volume":"7","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0578-3","article-title":"The association between socioeconomic disadvantage and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Russell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"year":"2016","series-title":"DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance","author":"SAMHSA","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b116"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00104-4","article-title":"Social skills deficits associated with depression","volume":"20","author":"Segrin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/17405620902905249","article-title":"Adolescents as \u201cproducers of their own development\u201d: Correlates and consequences of the importance and attainment of developmental tasks","volume":"7","author":"Seiffge-Krenke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0321","article-title":"Racial disparities in diagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in a US national birth cohort","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.06.010","article-title":"Self-regulation in ADHD: The role of error processing","volume":"30","author":"Shiels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12620","article-title":"Defining ADHD symptom persistence in adulthood: optimizing sensitivity and specificity","volume":"58","author":"Sibley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713510561","article-title":"Long-term memory performance in adult ADHD","volume":"21","author":"Skodzik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700038186","article-title":"Social class and minor psychiatric disorder in British civil servants: a validated screening survey using the general health questionnaire","volume":"22","author":"Stansfeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015416","article-title":"Depression and everyday social activity, belonging, and well-being","volume":"56","author":"Steger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00062-7","article-title":"Dopamine genes and ADHD","volume":"24","author":"Swanson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300482","article-title":"What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?","volume":"97","author":"Thapar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"year":"2012","series-title":"International Standard Classification of Education: Isced 2011","author":"UNESCO","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b127"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2022.101134","article-title":"Does better education mitigate risky health behavior? A mendelian randomization study","volume":"46","author":"Viinikainen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Econ. Hum. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155431","article-title":"Screening for depression in the general population with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D): a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Vilagut","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"9590","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61414-7","article-title":"Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys","volume":"370","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2025.106983","article-title":"Depression and risky health behaviors","volume":"233","author":"Weng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"year":"2022","series-title":"World mental health report: Transforming mental health for all","author":"WHO","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b132"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164495055002002","article-title":"Personality as a predictor of college performance","volume":"55","author":"Wolfe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S179901","article-title":"Health-related quality of life outcomes, economic burden, and associated costs among diagnosed and undiagnosed depression patients in Japan","author":"Yamabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Outcomes Res."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498_b135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy271","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in 700000 individuals of European ancestry","volume":"27","author":"Yengo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Gen."}],"container-title":["Economics &amp; Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1570677X25000310?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1570677X25000310?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T22:14:08Z","timestamp":1762553648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570677X25000310"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":135,"alternative-id":["S1570677X25000310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498","relation":{},"ISSN":["1570-677X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1570-677X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effects of adolescent depression and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder on educational attainment in adulthood","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Economics & Human Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101498","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101498"}}