{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:03:54Z","timestamp":1756512234345,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Economics &amp; Human Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T19:41:20Z","timestamp":1752608480000},"page":"101510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Links between COVID-19 lockdowns and drug overdose deaths, evidence from panel data"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Yimin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"490","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.ap08746","article-title":"Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: Estimating the effect of california\u2019s tobacco control program","volume":"105","author":"Abadie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Amer. Statist. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12116","article-title":"Comparative politics and the synthetic control method","volume":"59","author":"Abadie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Political Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321455188","article-title":"The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country","volume":"93","author":"Abadie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e417","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00060-3","article-title":"Policy stringency and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal analysis of data from 15 countries","volume":"7","author":"Aknin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104254","article-title":"Polarization and public health: Partisan differences in social distancing during the coronavirus pandemic","volume":"191","author":"Allcott","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.10452","article-title":"Drug overdose deaths before and after shelter-in-place orders during the COVID-19 pandemic in san francisco","volume":"4","author":"Appa","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3945","article-title":"Medicaid expansion and opioid deaths","volume":"28","author":"Averett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heal. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105250","article-title":"Meta-analysis on outcome-worsening comorbidities of COVID-19 and related potential drug-drug interactions","volume":"161","author":"Awortwe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00996","article-title":"Unemployment Effects of Stay-at-Home Orders: Evidence from High-Frequency Claims Data","volume":"103","author":"Baek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2022.104266","article-title":"Macroeconomic consequences of stay-at-home policies during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"152","author":"Bairoliya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2022.01.004","article-title":"How much should we trust staggered difference-in-differences estimates?","volume":"144","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Financ. Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/coep.12562","article-title":"COVID-19 lockdown and traffic accidents: Lessons from the pandemic","volume":"40","author":"Barnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contemp. Econ. Policy"},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b13","article-title":"Civic capital and social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"193","author":"Barrios","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20201641","article-title":"The 1918 influenza pandemic and its lessons for COVID-19","volume":"60","author":"Beach","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Econ. Lit."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267611","article-title":"Pandemic responsiveness: Evidence from social distancing and lockdown policy during COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Besley","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b16","first-page":"rdae007","article-title":"Revisiting Event-Study Designs: Robust and Efficient Estimation","author":"Borusyak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"year":"2020","series-title":"The COVID-19 Pandemic: Government vs. Community Action Across the United States","author":"Brzezinski","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b17"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1086\/713787","article-title":"COVID-19 and crime: Effects of stay-at-home orders on domestic violence","volume":"7","author":"Bullinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Heal. Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001","article-title":"Difference-in-Differences with multiple time periods","volume":"225","author":"Callaway","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Econometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2021.104367","article-title":"Prosociality predicts health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"195","author":"Campos-Mercade","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2016.12.009","article-title":"Economic conditions, illicit drug use, and substance use disorders in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Heal. Econ."},{"year":"2024","series-title":"Centers for disease control and prevention, national center for health statistics","author":"CDC","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b22"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2006.12.006","article-title":"The long-term health and economic consequences of the 1959\u20131961 famine in China","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Heal. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b24","article-title":"Does the COVID-19 lockdown improve global air quality? New cross-national evidence on its unintended consequences","volume":"105","author":"Dang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Econ. Manag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2022.100007","article-title":"Opioid overdoses increase at home during the COVID-19 stay-at-home order period in cook county, illinois","volume":"1","author":"Delcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"AJPM Focus."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1086\/719588","article-title":"The effects of naloxone access laws on opioid abuse, mortality, and crime","volume":"65","author":"Doleac","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Law Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117024","article-title":"The long-term health effects of childhood exposure to social and economic policies: A scoping review","author":"Dore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4755","article-title":"The effect of untargeted naloxone distribution on opioid overdose outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Dowd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heal. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104342","article-title":"Asocial capital: Civic culture and social distancing during COVID-19","volume":"194","author":"Durante","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.2847","article-title":"Trends in Drug Overdose Deaths Among US Adolescents, January 2010 to June 2021","volume":"327","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2022.101116","article-title":"Lockdown strictness and mental health effects among older populations in europe","volume":"45","author":"Garc\u00eda-Prado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Econ. Hum. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-022-00610-0","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on opioid overdose deaths: a spatiotemporal analysis","volume":"99","author":"Ghose","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Urban Heal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2021.03.014","article-title":"Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing","volume":"225","author":"Goodman-Bacon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Econometrics"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports","author":"Google","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b34"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104311","article-title":"Fear, lockdown, and diversion: Comparing drivers of pandemic economic decline 2020","volume":"193","author":"Goolsbee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1086\/716197","article-title":"Tracking public and private responses to the COVID-19 epidemic: evidence from state and local government actions","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Heal. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8","article-title":"A global panel database of pandemic policies (oxford COVID-19 government response tracker).","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"year":"2021","series-title":"Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132020","author":"Hedegaard","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b38"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2021.100991","article-title":"The great crime recovery: Crimes against women during, and after, the COVID-19 lockdown in Mexico","volume":"41","author":"Hoehn-Velasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Econ. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.07.009","article-title":"Macroeconomic conditions and opioid abuse","volume":"56","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Heal. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b41","article-title":"Loneliness among people with substance use problems: A narrative systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Ingram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b42","article-title":"COVID-19: rethinking the lockdown groupthink","volume":"9","author":"Joffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2020.102408","article-title":"Must-access prescription drug monitoring programs and the opioid overdose epidemic: The unintended consequences","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Heal. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b44","first-page":"172","article-title":"Short-term trade-off between stringency and economic growth","volume":"60","author":"Kok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Covid Econ."},{"year":"2022","series-title":"Direct and indirect mortality impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US, march 2020-april 2021","author":"Lee","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b45"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b46","article-title":"Fatal drug use in the COVID-19 pandemic response: changing trends in drug-involved deaths before and after stay-at-home orders in louisiana","volume":"11","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Heal."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2021-0314","article-title":"Economic burden of drug overdose deaths before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA","volume":"11","author":"Lui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Eff. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-021-00874-x","article-title":"The unintended effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home orders on abortions","volume":"35","author":"Marquez-Padilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Popul. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7010a3","article-title":"Notes from the field: opioid overdose deaths before, during, and after an 11-week COVID-19 stay-at-home order\u2014Cook county, illinois, january 1, 2018\u2013october 6, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Mason","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2023.102728","article-title":"Marijuana legalization and opioid deaths","volume":"88","author":"Mathur","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Heal. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6935a2","article-title":"Timing of state and territorial COVID-19 stay-at-home orders and changes in population movement - United States, march 1-may 31, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Moreland","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"issue":"2257","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b52","article-title":"Effectiveness of social distancing measures and lockdowns for reducing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare, community-based settings","volume":"381","author":"Murphy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.03.013","article-title":"How economic recessions and unemployment affect illegal drug use: A systematic realist literature review","volume":"44","author":"Nagelhout","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2022.104733","article-title":"Syringe exchange programs and harm reduction: New evidence in the wake of the opioid epidemic","volume":"215","author":"Packham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000871","article-title":"Mental health during COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom","volume":"83","author":"Pieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3548","article-title":"The effect of state laws designed to prevent nonmedical prescription opioid use on overdose deaths and treatment","volume":"27","author":"Popovici","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heal. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b57","article-title":"Educational attainment and US drug overdose deaths","volume":"vol. 4","author":"Powell","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdad018","article-title":"A More Credible Approach to Parallel Trends","volume":"90","author":"Rambachan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01513-5","article-title":"Unintended consequences of lockdowns, COVID-19 and the shadow pandemic in India","volume":"7","author":"Ravindran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/700703","article-title":"With a little help from my friends: the effects of good samaritan and naloxone access laws on opioid-related deaths","volume":"62","author":"Rees","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Law Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.623032","article-title":"Isolation, solitude and social distancing for people who use drugs: An ethnographic perspective","volume":"11","author":"Roe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108977","article-title":"The impact of the national stay-at-home order on emergency department visits for suspected opioid overdose during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"228","author":"Root","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.12.047","article-title":"Impact of a shelter-in-place order during the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of opioid overdoses","volume":"41","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA19402","article-title":"When Is Parallel Trends Sensitive to Functional Form?","volume":"91","author":"Roth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2019.01.001","article-title":"Drivers of the fatal drug epidemic","volume":"64","author":"Ruhm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Heal. Econ."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005357","article-title":"Alcohol and drug use among adolescents: and the co-occurrence of mental health problems. Ung@ hordaland, a population-based study","volume":"4","author":"Skogen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"year":"2023","series-title":"Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2002\u20132022","author":"Spencer","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b67"},{"year":"2022","series-title":"Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2001\u20132021.","author":"Spencer","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b68"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.19.2087","article-title":"Association between mental health disorders, problem drug use, and regular prescription opioid use","volume":"166","author":"Sullivan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.09.006","article-title":"Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects","volume":"225","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Econometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/soej.12679","article-title":"The effects of COVID-19 lockdown on the body weight and lifestyle behaviors of U.S. adults","volume":"90","author":"Sung","year":"2024","journal-title":"South. Econ. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00880-7","article-title":"COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: analyses from electronic health records in the United States","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10334","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02796-3","article-title":"Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020\u201321","volume":"399","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b74","article-title":"Introductory econometrics: A modern approach, south western","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cengage Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3906345","article-title":"Two-way fixed effects, the two-way mundlak regression, and difference-in-differences estimators","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C31","DOI":"10.1093\/ectj\/utad016","article-title":"Simple approaches to nonlinear difference-in-differences with panel data","volume":"26","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Econom. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2016.2","article-title":"Generalized synthetic control method: Causal inference with interactive fixed effects models","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Political Anal."}],"container-title":["Economics &amp; Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1570677X25000437?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1570677X25000437?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T08:21:41Z","timestamp":1756455701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570677X25000437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S1570677X25000437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510","relation":{},"ISSN":["1570-677X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1570-677X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Links between COVID-19 lockdowns and drug overdose deaths, evidence from panel data","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Economics & Human Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ehb.2025.101510","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101510"}}