{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:36:33Z","timestamp":1793208993636,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Economics & Human Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:18:57Z","timestamp":1790723937000},"page":"101653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["More education, persistent withdrawal: Evidence from T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2741-9181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilek","family":"Cindo\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serkan","family":"Demirk\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Tekg\u00fc\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib1","unstructured":"Ahsen, Aysenur. 2021. Female education as a path to family health-is it a panacea? evidence from Turk\u0131sh health surveys [M.S. - Master of Science]. Middle East Technical University. https:\/\/open.metu.edu.tr\/handle\/11511\/89784."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.7.2210","article-title":"Household bargaining and excess fertility: an experimental study in Zambia","volume":"104","author":"Ashraf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of compulsory education on age at first marriage and age at first birth: evidence from a difference-in-discontinuity design","author":"Asker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Financ. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2025.105366","article-title":"Education and fertility: evidence from an instrumental variable approach using higher education expansions in Turkey","volume":"159","author":"Baltagi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regsciurbeco.2019.05.001","article-title":"The effect of education on health: Evidence from the 1997 compulsory schooling reform in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"77","author":"Baltagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg. Sci. Urban. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib6","first-page":"32735","article-title":"Family planning, now and later: infertility fears and contraceptive take-up","author":"Bau","year":"2024","journal-title":"NBER Work."},{"issue":"530","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2008.02159.x","article-title":"Staying in the classroom and out of the maternity ward? The effect of compulsory schooling laws on teenage births","volume":"118","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1553\/populationyearbook2010s31","article-title":"The causes of educational differences in fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"8","author":"Bongaarts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vienna Yearb. Popul. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breierova, Lucia, and Esther Duflo. 2004. \u201cThe Impact of Education on Fertility and Child Mortality: Do Fathers Really Matter Less Than Mothers?\u201d NBER Working Paper No. 10513. https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w10513.","DOI":"10.3386\/w10513"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11757","article-title":"Robust nonparametric confidence intervals for regression-discontinuity designs","volume":"82","author":"Calonico","year":"2014","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150154","article-title":"Partner choice, investment in children, and the marital college premium","volume":"107","author":"Chiappori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2009.05024.x","article-title":"Coitus interruptus as a contraceptive method: Turkish women\u2019s perceptions and experiences","volume":"65","author":"\u00c7iftcio\u011flu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/13625180802255719","article-title":"Determinants of choosing withdrawal over modern contraceptive methods in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"13","author":"Cindo\u011flu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib14","series-title":"Statistical Software Components S458530","article-title":"IVREGHDFE: Stata module for extended instrumental variable regressions with multiple levels of fixed effects","author":"Correia","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib15","series-title":"Statistical Software Components S457874","article-title":"REGHDFE: Stata module to perform linear or instrumental-variable regression absorbing any number of high-dimensional fixed effects","author":"Correia","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1086\/720008","article-title":"Keeping kids in school and out of work: compulsory schooling and child labor in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"16","author":"Day\u0131o\u011flu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Human. Capital."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib17","first-page":"608","article-title":"Reasons for widespread withdrawal method use in T\u00fcrkiye: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Demirta\u015f-Hi\u00e7y\u0131lmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Klin. J. Nurs. Sci."},{"issue":"December 2015","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2015.06.010","article-title":"Patriarchal Norms, Religion, and female labor supply: evidence from T\u00fcrkiye\u201d","volume":"76","author":"Dildar","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2014.06.010","article-title":"Women\u2019s education: harbinger of another spring? Evidence from a natural experiment in Turkey","volume":"64","author":"Din\u00e7er","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib20","series-title":"Istanbul Households: Marriage, Family and Fertility, 1880\u20131940","author":"Duben","year":"1991"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22404","article-title":"The value of mandating maternal education in a developing country","volume":"41","author":"Dursun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Policy Anal. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2018.07.004","article-title":"The impact of education on health and health behavior in a middle-income, low-education country","volume":"31","author":"Dursun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econ. & Human. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37398-1","article-title":"Reasons for high prevalence of contraceptive withdrawal in Tehran, Iran","volume":"13","author":"Erfani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2012.00299.x","article-title":"The use of withdrawal among birth limiters in Iran and Turkey","volume":"43","author":"Erfani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stud. Fam. Plan."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160278","article-title":"For better or for worse? Education and the prevalence of domestic violence in Turkey","volume":"10","author":"Erten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00824","article-title":"Breaking the cycle? Education and the intergenerational transmission of violence","volume":"102","author":"Erten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.2017.1366909","article-title":"Why high-order polynomials should not be used in regression discontinuity designs","volume":"37","author":"Gelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bus. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib28","unstructured":"Gulesci, Selim, and Erik Meyersson, 2013. \"\"For the love or the Republic\" Education, Secularism, and Empowerment,\" Working Papers 490, IGIER (Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research), Bocconi University."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2015.02.008","article-title":"The role of maternal education in child health: evidence from a compulsory schooling law","volume":"47","author":"G\u00fcne\u015f","year":"2015","journal-title":"Econ. Educ. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1515\/bejeap-2015-0059","article-title":"The impact of female education on teenage fertility: evidence from Turkey","volume":"16","author":"G\u00fcne\u015f","year":"2016","journal-title":"B. E. J. Econ. Anal. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib31","unstructured":"Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi N\u00fcfus Et\u00fctleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc. 2009. \u201c2008 T\u00fcrkiye N\u00fcfus ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131. 2008\u201d. Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi N\u00fcfus Et\u00fctleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ana \u00c7ocuk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Aile Planlamas\u0131 Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Devlet Planlama Te\u015fkilat\u0131 M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00dcB\u0130TAK. Ankara. T\u00fcrkiye."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib32","unstructured":"Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi N\u00fcfus Et\u00fctleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc.2014. \u201c2013 T\u00fcrkiye N\u00fcfus ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131\u201d. Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi N\u00fcfus Et\u00fctleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc. T.C. Kalk\u0131nma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00dcB\u0130TAK. Ankara. T\u00fcrkiye."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib33","unstructured":"Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi N\u00fcfus Et\u00fctleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc.2019. \u201c2018 T\u00fcrkiye N\u00fcfus ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131\u201d. Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi N\u00fcfus Et\u00fctleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc. T.C. Kalk\u0131nma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00dcB\u0130TAK. Ankara. T\u00fcrkiye."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib34","unstructured":"Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi N\u00fcfus Et\u00fctleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve Macro International Inc. ve T.C. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131. 1999. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye N\u00fcfus ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 1998\u201d. H\u00dcNEE. Ankara."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib35","unstructured":"Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi N\u00fcfus Et\u00fctleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve Macro International Inc. 2004 ve T.C. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye N\u00fcfus ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 2003\u201d. H\u00dcNEE. Ankara."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib36","unstructured":"Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi N\u00fcfus Et\u00fctleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve Macro International Inc. ve T.C. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131. 1994. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye N\u00fcfus ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 1993. H\u00dcNEE. Ankara."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932020000103","article-title":"Women\u2019s socioeconomic status and choice of birth control method: an investigation for the case of Turkey","volume":"53","author":"Karao\u011flan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biosoc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2018.07.002","article-title":"Women\u2019s schooling, fertility, and child health outcomes: evidence from uganda\u2019s free primary education program","volume":"135","author":"Keats","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932000003291","article-title":"Determinants of contraceptive use and method choice in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"32","author":"Ko\u00e7","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biosoc. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.2.281","article-title":"Regression discontinuity designs in economics","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Econ. Lit."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2307\/2526238","article-title":"Marriage and household decision-making: a bargaining analysis","volume":"21","author":"Manser","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.005","article-title":"Manipulation of the running variable in the regression discontinuity design: a density test","volume":"142","author":"McCrary","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2307\/2526280","article-title":"Nash-bargained household decisions: toward a generalization of the theory of demand","volume":"22","author":"McElroy","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(05)25175-3","article-title":"Why withdrawal? Why not withdrawal? Men\u2019s perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Ortayl\u0131","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Health Matters"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2007.10.003","article-title":"Does female schooling reduce fertility? Evidence from Nigeria","volume":"87","author":"Osili","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/13545701.2019.1642505","article-title":"Employment status and contraceptive choices of women with young children in Turkey","volume":"26","author":"Pekkurnaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fem. Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2307\/2526657","article-title":"Schooling, information and nonmarket productivity: contraceptive use and its effectiveness","volume":"30","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"10041","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30380-4","article-title":"Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends","volume":"388","author":"Sedgh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2307\/145670","article-title":"Intra-household resource allocation: an inferential approach","volume":"25","author":"Thomas","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Human. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib50","unstructured":"United Nations. 2019. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Contraceptive Use by Method 2019: Data Booklet. New York: United Nations."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X14538025","article-title":"Early marriage: trends in Turkey, 1978-2008","volume":"35","author":"Y\u00fcksel-Kaptano\u011flu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"}],"container-title":["Economics & Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1570677X26000833?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1570677X26000833?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:24:06Z","timestamp":1793208246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570677X26000833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S1570677X26000833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653","relation":{},"ISSN":["1570-677X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1570-677X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"More education, persistent withdrawal: Evidence from T\u00fcrkiye","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Economics & Human Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ehb.2026.101653","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101653"}}