{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:57:00Z","timestamp":1789549020077,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is common in severe chronic heart failure (CHF) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of SDB in mild symptomatic CHF is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of SDB in male patients with NYHA class II symptoms of CHF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>55 male patients with mild symptomatic CHF underwent assessment of quality of life, echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise, chemoreflex testing and polysomnography. 53% of the patients had SDB. 38% had central sleep apnoea (CSA) and 15% had obstructive sleep apnoea. SDB patients had steeper VE\/VCO2 slope [median (inter-quartile range) 31.1 (28\u201337) vs. 28.1 (27\u201330) respectively; p=0.04], enhanced chemoreflexes to carbon dioxide during wakefulness [mean\u00b1sd: 2.4\u00b11.6 vs. 1.5\u00b10.7%VE Max\/mmHg CO2 respectively; p=0.03], and significantly higher levels of brain natriuretic peptide and endothelin-1 compared to patients without SDB. No differences in left ventricular ejection fraction, percent predicted peak oxygen uptake, or symptoms of SDB were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high prevalence of SDB was found in men with mild symptomatic CHF. Patients with SDB could not be differentiated by symptoms or by routine cardiac assessment making clinical diagnosis of SDB in CHF difficult.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2006.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,7]],"date-time":"2006-10-07T07:24:31Z","timestamp":1160205871000},"page":"243-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["A High Prevalence of Sleep Disordered Breathing in Men With Mild Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure Due to Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Vazir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, The Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Sydney Street, London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Medicine, The Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Sydney Street, London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.C.","family":"Hastings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, The Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Sydney Street, London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Dayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Medicine, The Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Sydney Street, London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.F.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Conquest Hospital , The Ridge, Hastings, East Sussex ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.Y.","family":"Henein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Medicine, The Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Sydney Street, London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.A.","family":"Poole-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Medicine, The Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Sydney Street, London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.R.","family":"Cowie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Medicine, The Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Sydney Street, London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.J.","family":"Morrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, The Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Sydney Street, London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.K.","family":"Simonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, The Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Sydney Street, London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015223","article-title":"The epidemiology of heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Cowie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0002","volume-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2006 Update","author":"American Heart Association","year":"2006"},{"issue":"9280","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05620-3","article-title":"Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening study: a population based study","volume":"358","author":"Davies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.21.2154","article-title":"Sleep apnea in 81 ambulatory male patients with stable heart failure. Types and their prevalences, consequences, and presentations","volume":"97","author":"Javaheri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.4.9903020","article-title":"Risk factors for central and obstructive sleep apnea in 450 men and women with congestive heart failure","volume":"160","author":"Sin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1067\/mhl.2001.118303","article-title":"Evaluation of 3 quality of life measurement tools in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"30","author":"Sneed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198807000-00007","article-title":"The MOS short-form general health survey. Reliability and validity in a patient population","volume":"26","author":"Stewart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(89)80014-8","article-title":"Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms","volume":"2","author":"Schiller","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0010","volume-title":"Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation","author":"Wasserman","year":"1986"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1963.18.5.1023","article-title":"Effects of CO2 respiration using a new method of administrating CO2","author":"Fenn","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1159\/000196199","article-title":"Normal values for the hypercapnic ventilation response: effects of age and the ability to ventilate","volume":"60","author":"Jones","year":"1993","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0013","first-page":"748","article-title":"Recording and scoring leg movements","volume":"16","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Atlas Task Force. Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/15.2.173","article-title":"EEG arousals: scoring rules and examples: a preliminary report from the Sleep Disorders Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association","volume":"15","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0015","volume-title":"A manual of standardised terminology, techniques and scoring systems for sleep stages of human subjects","author":"Rechtschaffen","year":"1968"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.1.61","article-title":"Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients with and without Cheyne-Stokes respiration","volume":"102","author":"Sin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051001","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure","volume":"353","author":"Bradley","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0018","first-page":"667","article-title":"Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research","volume":"22","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force. Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.6.9807074","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of airway obstruction on canine left ventricular performance","volume":"160","author":"Parker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.79.1.205","article-title":"Combined hypoxia and hypercapnia evokes long-lasting sympathetic activation in humans","volume":"79","author":"Morgan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.5.8912770","article-title":"Depressed baroreflex sensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"154","author":"Carlson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.85.2.790","article-title":"Adrenergic effects on the biology of the adult mammalian cardiocyte","volume":"85","author":"Mann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.7.2202030c","article-title":"Sleep apneas: an oxidative stress?","volume":"165","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005113421901","article-title":"Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension","volume":"342","author":"Peppard","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530440037034","article-title":"The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure","volume":"275","author":"Levy","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200306-752OC","article-title":"Controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea and heart failure","volume":"169","author":"Mansfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022479","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"348","author":"Kaneko","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000065227.04025.C2","article-title":"Enhanced ventilatory response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure and central sleep apnea","volume":"107","author":"Arzt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909233411304","article-title":"A mechanism of central sleep apnea in patients with heart failure","volume":"341","author":"Javaheri","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.6.1928","article-title":"Association between plasma endothelin-1 levels and Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"121","author":"El Solh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.5.1667","article-title":"Brain natriuretic peptide in patients with congestive heart failure and central sleep apnea","volume":"127","author":"Carmona-Bernal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.24.2803","article-title":"Impairment of ventilatory efficiency in heart failure: prognostic impact","volume":"101","author":"Kleber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1999.1746","article-title":"Plasma brain natriuretic peptide level as a biochemical marker of morbidity and mortality in patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Comparison with plasma angiotensin II and endothelin-1","volume":"20","author":"Tsutamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015228","article-title":"Prognostic value of plasma endothelin-1 in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Pousset","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.8.2586","article-title":"Augmented peripheral chemosensitivity as a potential input to baroreflex impairment and autonomic imbalance in chronic heart failure","volume":"96","author":"Ponikowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.3.9806080","article-title":"Pathophysiological interactions of ventilation, arousals, and blood pressure oscillations during Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with heart failure","volume":"162","author":"Trinder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000049641.11675.EE","article-title":"Central sleep apnea in left ventricular dysfunction: prevalence and implications for arrhythmic risk","volume":"107","author":"Lanfranchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.11.1435","article-title":"Prognostic value of nocturnal Cheyne-Stokes respiration in chronic heart failure","volume":"99","author":"Lanfranchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00140603","article-title":"Home respiratory polygraphy for diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure","volume":"24","author":"Quintana-Gallego","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020203464434000_ejhf2006-08-001-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00130904","article-title":"Can heart rate variation rule out sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure?","volume":"27","author":"Vazir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.ejheart.2006.08.001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/9\/3\/243\/66615358\/eurjhf_9_3_243.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/9\/3\/243\/66615358\/eurjhf_9_3_243.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T08:46:51Z","timestamp":1770022011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article\/9\/3\/243\/8443634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejheart.2006.08.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-9842","1879-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-9842","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-0844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]}}}