{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:39:47Z","timestamp":1790419187555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although fluid overload is one of the most prominent features of acute heart failure (AHF), its mechanism remains challenging, due to the lack of consistent data from prospective studies. Traditionally, fluid overload was thought to be mainly the result of either increased intake of fluid and salt or non-adherence with diuretic therapy. However, recent data showed little weight change before or during an AHF event suggesting that in many cases fluid overload is caused by other mechanisms such as fluid redistribution and neurohormonal or inflammatory activation. Redistribution may be the result of a combined vascular and cardiac process reducing capacitance in the venous system (and hence increasing preload) and increasing arterial stiffness and resistance (and hence afterload). When these vascular processes occur acutely and are superimposed on reduced cardiac function; fluid is redistributed to the lungs instigating pulmonary congestion. In this paper we elaborate on this possible pathophysiological mechanism and review its potential causes and amplifiers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.01.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,14]],"date-time":"2008-02-14T09:45:25Z","timestamp":1202982325000},"page":"165-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":283,"title":["Fluid Overload in Acute Heart Failure \u2014 Re-Distribution and Other Mechanisms Beyond Fluid Accumulation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gad","family":"Cotter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Momentum-Research Inc , Durham, NC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Metra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brescia , Brescia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Milo-Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Momentum-Research Inc , Durham, NC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard C.","family":"Dittrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , San Diego, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Gheorghiade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026020203434199500_ejhf2008-01-007-bib-0001","first-page":"e85","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics \u2014 2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee","volume":"113","author":"Thom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026020203434199500_ejhf2008-01-007-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.18.2217","article-title":"Systolic blood pressure at admission, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure","volume":"296","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020203434199500_ejhf2008-01-007-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.09.022","article-title":"Clinical presentation, management, and in-hospital outcomes of patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure with preserved systolic function: a report from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) Database","volume":"47","author":"Yancy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020203434199500_ejhf2008-01-007-bib-0004","year":"2003"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026020203434199500_ejhf2008-01-007-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl193","article-title":"EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population","volume":"27","author":"Nieminen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020203434199500_ejhf2008-01-007-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2005.12.001","volume":"12","author":"Executive summary: HFSA 2006 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026020203434199500_ejhf2008-01-007-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi044","article-title":"Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: the Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"26","author":"Nieminen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026020203434199500_ejhf2008-01-007-bib-0008","first-page":"e154","article-title":"ACC\/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society","volume":"112","author":"Hunt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020203434199500_ejhf2008-01-007-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(02)00823-0","article-title":"The EuroHeart Failure survey programme \u2014 a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. 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