{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:29:53Z","timestamp":1793316593661,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejinme.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Internal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T03:55:25Z","timestamp":1587354925000},"page":"14-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1063,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4135-8936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Verdecchia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Cavallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Spanevello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl:S9-14","key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0001","article-title":"SARS: epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Chan-Yeung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.032","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33238","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002615200","article-title":"A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase","volume":"275","author":"Tipnis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.5.e1","article-title":"A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9","volume":"87","author":"Donoghue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14838","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200581200","article-title":"Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase","volume":"277","author":"Vickers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1637-5","article-title":"Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission","volume":"63","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25832","article-title":"Structural Variations in Human ACE2 may Influence its Binding with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02232-10","article-title":"Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response","volume":"85","author":"Glowacka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00786","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function","volume":"417","author":"Crackower","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20200163","article-title":"Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy?","volume":"134","author":"Batlle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-12-1544","article-title":"Multiple functions of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its relevance in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"77","author":"Kuba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.307708","article-title":"Role of the ACE2\/Angiotensin 1-7 Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Heart Failure","volume":"118","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.04.001","article-title":"ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor","volume":"25","author":"Turner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05985-9","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.310509","article-title":"Clinical Relevance and Role of Neuronal AT1 Receptors in ADAM17-Mediated ACE2 Shedding in Neurogenic Hypertension","volume":"121","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2018.11.002","article-title":"Classic and Nonclassic Renin-Angiotensin Systems in the Critically Ill","volume":"35","author":"Bitker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F487","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00074.2017","article-title":"Urine RAS components in mice and people with type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease","volume":"313","author":"Wysocki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0020","first-page":"450","article-title":"Mice transgenic for human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 provide a model for SARS coronavirus infection","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000146120.29648.36","article-title":"Structure-based discovery of a novel angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitor","volume":"44","author":"Huentelman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Kuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H3019","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01198.2006","article-title":"Primary role of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 in cardiac production of angiotensin-(1-7) in transgenic Ren-2 hypertensive rats","volume":"292","author":"Trask","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2018.15","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"14","author":"Bernstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.10.013","article-title":"Angiotensin II induces IL-6 expression and the Jak-STAT3 pathway in aortic adventitia of LDL receptor-deficient mice","volume":"194","author":"Recinos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.237198","article-title":"Macrophage polarization by angiotensin II-type 1 receptor aggravates renal injury-acceleration of atherosclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10253","article-title":"Cytokines, chemokines, and cytokine receptors in human microglia","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2016","article-title":"The ACE2\/Angiotensin-(1-7)\/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7)","volume":"98","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13057","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness in a model of chronic allergic lung inflammation","volume":"172","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01905.x","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibits allergic inflammation, via the MAS1 receptor, through suppression of ERK1\/2- and NF-kappaB-dependent pathways","volume":"166","author":"El-Hashim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.06.052","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates lung fibrosis by way of Mas receptor in acute lung injury","volume":"185","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8209","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08209","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2\/angiotensin-(1-7)\/Mas axis prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells by inhibiting JNK\/NF-kappaB pathways","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0451OC","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2\/angiotensin-(1-7)\/Mas axis protects against lung fibrosis by inhibiting the MAPK\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"50","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L17","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00498.2016","article-title":"Attenuation of pulmonary ACE2 activity impairs inactivation of des-Arg(9) bradykinin\/BKB1R axis and facilitates LPS-induced neutrophil infiltration","volume":"314","author":"Sodhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-09-459156","article-title":"Angiotensin 1-7 and Mas decrease thrombosis in Bdkrb2-\/- mice by increasing NO and prostacyclin to reduce platelet spreading and glycoprotein VI activation","volume":"121","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2119\/2007-00073.Fraga-Silva","article-title":"The antithrombotic effect of angiotensin-(1-7) involves mas-mediated NO release from platelets","volume":"14","author":"Fraga-Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000035396.27909.40","article-title":"Antithrombotic effect of captopril and losartan is mediated by angiotensin-(1-7)","volume":"40","author":"Kucharewicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00994","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7) Inhibits Thrombin-Induced Endothelial Phenotypic Changes and Reactive Oxygen Species Production via NADPH Oxidase 5 Downregulation","volume":"8","author":"Pai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322011000500021","article-title":"An orally active formulation of angiotensin-(1-7) produces an antithrombotic effect","volume":"66","author":"Fraga-Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1159\/000374047","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7) Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MCP-1 Expression via the MAS Receptor Through Suppression of P38 and NF-kappaB Pathways in HUVECs","volume":"35","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C82","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00287.2006","article-title":"Angiotensin II cell signaling: physiological and pathological effects in the cardiovascular system","volume":"292","author":"Mehta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0042","first-page":"931","article-title":"Ang(1-7) treatment attenuates beta-cell dysfunction by improving pancreatic microcirculation in a rat model of Type 2 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2005.01.009","article-title":"Organ-specific distribution of ACE2 mRNA and correlating peptidase activity in rodents","volume":"26","author":"Gembardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R781","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00183.2008","article-title":"ACE2 is expressed in mouse adipocytes and regulated by a high-fat diet","volume":"295","author":"Gupte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.248559","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 contributes to sex differences in the development of obesity hypertension in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"32","author":"Gupte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2015.1131881","article-title":"ACE2\/Ang 1-7 axis: A critical regulator of epicardial adipose tissue inflammation and cardiac dysfunction in obesity","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0399","article-title":"ACE2 Deficiency Worsens Epicardial Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Cardiac Dysfunction in Response to Diet-Induced Obesity","volume":"65","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03712","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure","volume":"436","author":"Imai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.13379","article-title":"Alternative Roles of STAT3 and MAPK Signaling Pathways in the MMPs Activation and Progression of Lung Injury Induced by Cigarette Smoke Exposure in ACE2 Knockout Mice","volume":"12","author":"Hung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.23489","article-title":"Instillation of particulate matter 2.5 induced acute lung injury and attenuated the injury recovery in ACE2 knockout mice","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68782","article-title":"Type 2 alveolar cells are stem cells in adult lung","volume":"123","author":"Barkauskas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102536","article-title":"ACE2 at the centre of COVID-19 from paucisymptomatic infections to severe pneumonia","author":"Rivellese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","article-title":"Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.21.JOC30885","article-title":"Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area","volume":"289","author":"Booth","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.8.686","article-title":"Short term outcome and risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes in adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"58","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768","article-title":"Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.09.038","article-title":"Age- and gender-related difference of ACE2 expression in rat lung","volume":"78","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108132","article-title":"COVID-19, Diabetes Mellitus and ACE2: The conundrum","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/256294","article-title":"Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Is a Key Modulator of the Renin Angiotensin System in Health and Disease","volume":"2012","author":"Tikellis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.113825","article-title":"Downregulation of spinal angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is involved in neuropathic pain associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice","volume":"174","author":"Yamagata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00227","article-title":"From gene to protein-experimental and clinical studies of ACE2 in blood pressure control and arterial hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.138420","article-title":"Targeting the degradation of angiotensin II with recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: prevention of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension","volume":"55","author":"Wysocki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.955369","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 suppresses pathological hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and cardiac dysfunction","volume":"122","author":"Zhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.840124","article-title":"Loss of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 accelerates maladaptive left ventricular remodeling in response to myocardial infarction","volume":"2","author":"Kassiri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-014-1149-y","article-title":"Heterozygote loss of ACE2 is sufficient to increase the susceptibility to heart disease","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317055","article-title":"COVID-19 and the Heart","author":"Akhmerov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047297","article-title":"Substituting Angiotensin-(1-7) to Prevent Lung Damage in SARSCoV2 Infection?","author":"Peiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2","volume":"111","author":"Ferrario","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1169","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00145.2008","article-title":"MAP kinase\/phosphatase pathway mediates the regulation of ACE2 by angiotensin peptides","volume":"295","author":"Gallagher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000124667.34652.1a","article-title":"Upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 after myocardial infarction by blockade of angiotensin II receptors","volume":"43","author":"Ishiyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2166","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00061.2006","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin II blockade on a new congenic model of hypertension derived from transgenic Ren-2 rats","volume":"291","author":"Jessup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1282","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection and Renin Angiotensin System Blockers","author":"Bavishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15082","article-title":"Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and the COVID-19 Pandemic: At Present There Is No Evidence to Abandon Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers","author":"Danser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002450","article-title":"Can angiotensin receptor-blocking drugs perhaps be harmful in the COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"38","author":"Esler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8","article-title":"Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21656","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics","author":"Gurwitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa235","article-title":"SARS-CoV2: should inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID-19?","author":"Kuster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760","article-title":"Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with Covid-19","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002469","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers and coronavirus","volume":"38","author":"Verdecchia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037_bib0084","first-page":"1","article-title":"ACE-inibitori, sartani e sindrome respiratoria acuta da coronavirus 2","volume":"21","author":"Verdecchia","year":"2020","journal-title":"G Ital Cardiol (Rome)"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0953620520301515?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0953620520301515?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T09:30:58Z","timestamp":1760607058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0953620520301515"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["S0953620520301515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0953-6205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-6205","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Internal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}