{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T10:32:30Z","timestamp":1787308350218,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejinme.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Internal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T17:27:14Z","timestamp":1652894834000},"page":"13-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Perspectives on the pharmacological management of alcohol use disorder: Are the approved medications effective?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Sestito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Tarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Addolorato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v35.2.15","article-title":"The World Health organization's Global Monitoring System on Alcohol and Health","volume":"35","author":"Poznyak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.10.1238","article-title":"Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000","volume":"291","author":"Mokdad","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0003","series-title":"HHS Publication No. SMA 18-5068","article-title":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29311-y","article-title":"Binge Drinking among adolescents is related to the development of Alcohol Use Disorders: results from a Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"8","author":"Addolorato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.05.031","article-title":"2010 national and state costs of excessive alcohol consumption","volume":"49","author":"Sacks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.17.2003","article-title":"Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"295","author":"Anton","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax4043","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax4043","article-title":"Advances in the science and treatment of alcohol use disorder","volume":"5","author":"Witkiewitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.1750101","article-title":"The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"175","author":"Reus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087366","article-title":"Disulfiram efficacy in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Skinner","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-90-6-901","article-title":"Disulfiram for the treatment of alcoholism. An evaluation in 128 men","volume":"90","author":"Fuller","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380110055026","article-title":"Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. A Veterans Administration cooperative study","volume":"256","author":"Fuller","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7194.1311","article-title":"Effect of preoperative abstinence on poor postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers: randomised controlled trial","volume":"318","author":"T\u00f8nnesen","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/0959523031000154436","article-title":"Comparison of disulfiram and placebo in treatment of alcohol dependence of adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Niederhofer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh104","article-title":"A one-year pragmatic trial of naltrexone VS disulfiram in the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"39","author":"De Sousa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol and Alcoholism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890802305861","article-title":"An open randomized trial comparing disulfiram and naltrexone in adolescents with alcohol dependence","volume":"13","author":"De Sousa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agm136","article-title":"A randomized, multicenter, open-label, comparative trial of disulfiram, naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"43","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh187","article-title":"An open randomized study comparing disulfiram and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"40","author":"De Sousa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.05.012","article-title":"An open randomized trial comparing disulfiram and topiramate in the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"34","author":"De Sousa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2006.10399846","article-title":"Comparing treatments of alcoholism on craving and biochemical measures of alcohol consumptions","volume":"38","author":"Nava","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00454.x","article-title":"Medications development to treat alcohol dependence: a vision for the next decade","volume":"17","author":"Litten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199905133401907","article-title":"Drug therapy for alcohol dependence","volume":"340","author":"Swift","year":"1999","journal-title":"New Eng J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0423-9","article-title":"Acamprosate: a Review of Its Use in Alcohol Dependence","volume":"75","author":"Plosker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(84)80020-9","article-title":"A homotaurine derivative reduces the voluntary intake of ethanol by rats: are cerebral GABA receptors involved?","volume":"21","author":"Boismare","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244907","article-title":"Animal models of drug craving","volume":"112","author":"Markou","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0025","first-page":"124","article-title":"Recent animal models of alcoholism","volume":"24","author":"Spanagel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Res & Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91615-0","article-title":"Ability of calcium bis acetyl homotaurine, a GABA agonist, to prevent relapse in weaned alcoholics","volume":"1","author":"Lhuintre","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830080023006","article-title":"Relapse prevention by acamprosate. Results from a placebo-controlled study on alcohol dependence","volume":"53","author":"Sass","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91682-7","article-title":"Comparison of acamprosate and placebo in long-term treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"347","author":"Whitworth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb04295.x","article-title":"Combined efficacy of acamprosate and disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholism: a controlled study","volume":"22","author":"Besson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/36.5.413","article-title":"Acamprosate during and after acute alcohol withdrawal: a double-blind placebo-controlled study in Spain","volume":"36","author":"Gual","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.1.92","article-title":"Comparing and combining naltrexone and acamprosate in relapse prevention of alcoholism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"60","author":"Kiefer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881103174017","article-title":"Does acamprosate improve reduction of drinking as well as aiding abstinence?","volume":"17","author":"Chick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000108656.81563.05","article-title":"The efficacy of acamprosate in the maintenance of abstinence in alcohol-dependent individuals: results of a meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Mann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agg038","article-title":"Acamprosate in korean alcohol-dependent patients: a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"38","author":"Namkoong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.2.176","article-title":"United Kingdom multicentre acamprosate study (UKMAS): a 6-month prospective study of acamprosate versus placebo in preventing relapse after withdrawal from alcohol","volume":"35","author":"Chick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e318182d890","article-title":"Meta-analyses of placebo-controlled trials of acamprosate for the treatment of alcohol dependence: impact of the combined pharmacotherapies and behavior interventions study","volume":"3","author":"Dranitsaris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210791516341","article-title":"Acamprosate: how, where, and for whom does it work? Mechanism of action, treatment targets, and individualized therapy","volume":"16","author":"Kiefer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Pharmaceut Design"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2010.51","article-title":"Involvement of the atrial natriuretic peptide transcription factor GATA4 in alcohol dependence, relapse risk and treatment response to acamprosate","volume":"11","author":"Kiefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0039","first-page":"9","article-title":"Acamprosate for alcohol dependence","author":"R\u00f6sner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01616.x","article-title":"Acamprosate for alcohol dependence: a sex-specific meta-analysis based on individual patient data","volume":"36","author":"Mason","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0041","article-title":"Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence","author":"R\u00f6sner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10663","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-24-10663.1998","article-title":"Suppression of ethanol-reinforced behavior by naltrexone is associated with attenuation of the ethanol-induced increase in dialysate dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens","volume":"18","author":"Gonzales","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3110","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic approaches to the treatment of alcohol addiction","volume":"12","author":"Heilig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(80)90257-X","article-title":"Alteration of ethanol self-administration by naltrexone","volume":"26","author":"Altshuler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.02.004","article-title":"Rat animal models for screening medications to treat alcohol use disorders","volume":"122","author":"Bell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0046","series-title":"Proceedings of the 45th annual scientific meeting, The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence","first-page":"1","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820110040006","article-title":"Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"49","author":"Volpicelli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820110045007","article-title":"Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence. A controlled study","volume":"49","author":"O'Malley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.11.1758","article-title":"Naltrexone and cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of outpatient alcoholics: results of a placebo-controlled trial","volume":"156","author":"Anton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1720-7","article-title":"Naltrexone effects on alcohol consumption in a clinical laboratory paradigm: temporal effects of drinking","volume":"173","author":"Anton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000139704.88862.01","article-title":"Effects of naltrexone and nalmefene on subjective response to alcohol among non-treatment seeking alcoholics and social drinkers","volume":"28","author":"Drobes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01446.x","article-title":"The effect of naltrexone on alcohol\u2019s stimulant properties and self- administration behavior in social drinkers: influence of gender and genotype","volume":"35","author":"Setiawan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12050","article-title":"Effects of naltrexone on adolescent alcohol cuere activity and sensitivity: an initial randomized trial","volume":"19","author":"Miranda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/105504901750532148","article-title":"Predicting treatment response to naltrexone: the influence of craving and family history","volume":"10","author":"Monterosso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.11.018","article-title":"Family history of alcoholism influences naltrexone-induced reduction in alcohol drinking","volume":"62","author":"Krishnan-Sarin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00134-0","article-title":"Understanding US addiction physicians\u2019 low rate of naltrexone prescription","volume":"71","author":"Mark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12425","article-title":"Effects of naltrexone on alcohol self-administration and craving: meta-analysis of human laboratory studies","volume":"22","author":"Hendershot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.10.004","article-title":"Pharmacological management of alcohol dependence: from mono-therapy to pharmacogenetics and beyond","volume":"24","author":"Caputo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13974","article-title":"Pharmacologically controlled drinking in the treatment of alcohol dependence or alcohol use disorders: a systematic review with direct and network meta-analyses on nalmefene, naltrexone, acamprosate, baclofen and topiramate","volume":"113","author":"Palpacuer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0060","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Selincro (Nalmefene): EU summary of product characteristics. 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300811","article-title":"Nalmefene induced elevation in serum prolactin in normal human volunteers: partial kappa opioid agonist activity?","volume":"30","author":"Bart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0062","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International guide for monitoring alcohol consumption and related harm. 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.10.020","article-title":"Extending the treatment options in alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled study of Nalmefene","volume":"73","author":"Mann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.02.006","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, efficacy study of Nalmefene, as-needed use, in patients with alcohol dependence","volume":"23","author":"Gual","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114527362","article-title":"Long-term efficacy, tolerability and safety of Nalmefene as-needed in patients with alcohol dependence: a 1-year, randomized controlled study","volume":"28","author":"Van den Brick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt061","article-title":"Efficacy of as-needed Nalmefene in in alcohol-dependent patients with at least a high drinking risk level: results from a subgroup analysis of two randomized controlled 6-month studies","volume":"48","author":"Van den Brick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-017-0546-3","article-title":"Nalmefene in alcohol use disorder subjects with psychiatric comorbidity: a naturalistic study","volume":"34","author":"Di Nicola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0068","first-page":"58","article-title":"Ability of baclofen in reducing alcohol intake and withdrawal severity: i - preclinical evidence","volume":"24","author":"Colombo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033315","article-title":"Role of GABAB Receptor in Alcohol Dependence: reducing Effect of Baclofen on Alcohol Intake and Alcohol Motivational Properties in Rats and Amelioration of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome and Alcohol Craving in Human Alcoholics","volume":"6","author":"Colombo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00342.x","article-title":"Baclofen blocks expression and sentization of anxiety-like behavior in an animal model of repeated stress and ethanol withdrawal","volume":"31","author":"Knapp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00259.x","article-title":"The gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptor agonist baclofen attenuates responding for ethanol in ethanol-dependent rats","volume":"31","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0072","first-page":"67","article-title":"Ability of baclofen in reducing alcohol craving and intake: II - Preliminary clinical evidence","volume":"24","author":"Addolorato","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/37.5.504","article-title":"Baclofen efficacy in reducing alcohol craving and intake: a preliminary double-blind randomized controlled study","volume":"37","author":"Addolorato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000141640.48924.14","article-title":"Baclofen for alcohol dependence: a preliminary open-label study","volume":"28","author":"Flannery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2008.03.128","article-title":"Renin and aldosterone but not the natriuretic peptide correlate with obsessive craving in medium-term abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: a longitudinal study","volume":"42","author":"Leggio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00589.x","article-title":"Insulin but not insulin growth factor-1 correlates with craving in currently drinking alcohol dependent patients","volume":"32","author":"Leggio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags028","article-title":"Abstinence and 'low-risk' consumption 1 year after the initiation of high-dose baclofen: a retrospective study among 'high-risk' drinkers","volume":"47","author":"Rigal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00103","article-title":"Suppression of alcohol dependence using baclofen: a 2-year observational study of 100 patients","volume":"3","author":"De Beaurepaire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agr017","article-title":"Dose-response effect of baclofen in reducing daily alcohol intake in alcohol dependence: secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Addolorato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.04.002","article-title":"High-dose baclofen for the treatment of alcohol dependence (BACLAD study): a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agx030","article-title":"A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of High-Dose Baclofen in Alcohol-Dependent Patients-The ALPADIR Study","volume":"52","author":"Reynaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14927","article-title":"Titrated baclofen for high-risk alcohol consumption: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in out-patients with 1-year follow-up","volume":"115","author":"Rigal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01055-w","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of baclofen in a U.S. community population with alcohol use disorder: a dose-response, randomized, controlled trial","author":"Garbutt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2515\/therapie\/2014038","article-title":"Efficacy of baclofen on abstinence and craving in alcohol-dependent patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"69","author":"Lesouef","year":"2014","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.03.017","article-title":"Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of low-dose and high-dose baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Pierce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14191","article-title":"Baclofen: its efficacy in reducing harmful drinking, craving, and negative mood. A meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"Rose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12905","article-title":"Baclofen for alcohol use disorder-a systematic meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Bschor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0088","first-page":"11","article-title":"Baclofen for alcohol use disorder","author":"Minozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.030","article-title":"The influence of anxiety symptoms on clinical outcomes during baclofen treatment of alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Agabio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61814-5","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double-blind controlled study","volume":"370","author":"Addolorato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.13","article-title":"Baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependence with or without liver disease (BacALD): a multi-site, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"212","author":"Morley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2015.1040003","article-title":"Tailored Dose Baclofen in Patients with Alcoholic Liver Disease: a case series with 2 year follow up of hospitalisation","volume":"23","author":"Heydtmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2016.12.005","article-title":"A prospective cohort study examining the effectiveness of baclofen in the maintenance of abstinence in alcohol use disorder patients attending a joint liver and alcohol treatment clinic","volume":"62","author":"Owens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000922","article-title":"One year of baclofen in 100 patients with or without cirrhosis: a French real-life experience","volume":"29","author":"Barrault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.018","article-title":"European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"69","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.469","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guideline: alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"113","author":"Singal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30303-1","article-title":"Baclofen for the treatment of alcohol use disorder: the Cagliari Statement","volume":"5","author":"Agabio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15966","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1709821","article-title":"Post-marketing and clinical safety experience with sodium oxybate for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and maintenance of abstinence in alcohol-dependent subjects","volume":"19","author":"Addolorato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-013-0158-x","article-title":"Sodium Oxybate: a Review of Its Use in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome and in the Maintenance of Abstinence in Alcohol Dependence","volume":"34","author":"Keating","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12645","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of sodium oxybate in alcohol-dependent patients with a very high drinking risk level","volume":"23","author":"Van den Brink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90842-8","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Gallimberti","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2014.863278","article-title":"Sodium oxybate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: from the alcohol withdrawal syndrome to the alcohol relapse prevention","volume":"15","author":"Skala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00340-X","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid versus naltrexone in maintaining alcohol abstinence: an open randomized comparative study","volume":"70","author":"Caputo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2007.04.008","article-title":"Comparing and combining gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and naltrexone in maintaining abstinence from alcohol: an open randomised comparative study","volume":"17","author":"Caputo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006266.pub2","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses","author":"Leone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.1750101","article-title":"The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"175","author":"Reus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000153542.10188.B0","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of GABAergic medications for treating alcoholism","volume":"29","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890180409","article-title":"Glutamatergic antagonists attenuate ability of dopamine uptake blockers to increase extracellular levels of dopamine: implications for tonic influence of glutamate on dopamine release","volume":"18","author":"Moghaddam","year":"1994","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13370-3","article-title":"Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.9.905","article-title":"Oral topiramate reduces the consequences of drinking and improves the quality of life of alcohol-dependent individuals: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01576.x","article-title":"Topiramate reduces the harm of excessive drinking: implications for public health and primary care","volume":"101","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.14.1641","article-title":"Topiramate for Treating Alcohol Dependence: a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"298","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.11.1188","article-title":"Improvement of physical health and quality of life of alcohol-dependent individuals with topiramate treatment: US multisite randomized controlled trial","volume":"168","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0114","first-page":"236","article-title":"Topiramate as add-on therapy in non-respondent alcohol dependant patients: a 12 month follow-up study","volume":"35","author":"Fernandez Miranda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Actas Espa\u00f1olas de Psiquiatr\u00eda"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00592.x","article-title":"Effects of Topiramate on Urge to Drink and the Subjective Effects of Alcohol: a Preliminary Laboratory Study","volume":"32","author":"Miranda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181bfdb79","article-title":"Modulation of impulsivity by topiramate: implications for the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"29","author":"Rubio","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13081014","article-title":"Topiramate treatment for heavy drinkers: moderation by a GRIK1 polymorphism","volume":"171","author":"Kranzler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000510","article-title":"GRIK1 genotype moderates topiramate's effects on daily drinking level, expectations of alcohol's positive effects and desire to drink","volume":"17","author":"Kranzler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108762","article-title":"Combined analysis of the moderating effect of a GRIK1 polymorphism on the effects of topiramate for treating alcohol use disorder","author":"Kranzler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00680.x","article-title":"Using topiramate or Naltrexone for the Treatment of Alcohol-Dependent Patients","volume":"32","author":"Fl\u00f3rez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02355.x","article-title":"Comparing topiramate with naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"103","author":"Baltieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000320471","article-title":"Topiramate for the treatment of alcohol dependence: comparison with naltrexone","volume":"17","author":"Fl\u00f3rez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000228","article-title":"Low-dose topiramate in alcohol dependence: a single-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"34","author":"Martinotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000246","article-title":"Zonisamide, topiramate, and levetiracetam efficacy and neuropsychological effects in alcohol use disorders","volume":"35","author":"Knapp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agx108","article-title":"Comparing and Combining Topiramate and Aripiprazole on Alcohol-Related Outcomes in a Human Laboratory Study","volume":"53","author":"Haass-Koffler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12411","article-title":"A meta-analysis of topiramate's effects for individuals with alcohol use disorders","volume":"38","author":"Blodgett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-015-0244-0","article-title":"Topiramate in Alcohol Use Disorders: review and Update","volume":"29","author":"Guglielmo","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04054.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of naltrexone and acamprosate for treating alcohol use disorders: when are these medications most helpful?","volume":"108","author":"Maisel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109102623","article-title":"Pregabalin versus naltrexone in alcohol dependence: a randomised, double-blind, comparison trial","volume":"24","author":"Martinotti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710902020135","article-title":"Review of topiramate: an antiepileptic for the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"2","author":"Kenna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Drug Abuse Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00695.x","article-title":"Techniques to enhance compliance with disulfiram","volume":"16","author":"Allen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000083037","article-title":"Pharmacological relapse prevention of alcoholism: clinical predictors of outcome","volume":"11","author":"Kiefer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.8.963","article-title":"Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"284","author":"Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10050755","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic approach at the serotonin transporter gene as a method of reducing the severity of alcohol drinking","volume":"168","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3628","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"311","author":"Jonas","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0136","series-title":"Gender differences in response to alcohol use disorder treatment: a systematic review","author":"Newberry","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2016.1189659","article-title":"Gender differences in treatment and clinical characteristics among patients receiving extended release naltrexone","volume":"35","author":"Herbeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0138","series-title":"Facing addiction in america: the surgeon general's report on alcohol, drugs, and health [Internet]","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1071\/HC16008","article-title":"Antidepressants for treatment of depression in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Arroll","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Prim Health Care"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0953620522001947?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0953620522001947?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T09:38:04Z","timestamp":1760607484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0953620522001947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":139,"alternative-id":["S0953620522001947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0953-6205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-6205","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Perspectives on the pharmacological management of alcohol use disorder: Are the approved medications effective?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Internal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.05.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}