{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T12:20:51Z","timestamp":1794572451891,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":557,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T01:41:01Z","timestamp":1616550061000},"page":"113378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Biguanides: Species with versatile therapeutic applications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"219","author":[{"given":"Deepika","family":"Kathuria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akshay D.","family":"Raul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pravin","family":"Wanjari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasad V.","family":"Bharatam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.187901201219","article-title":"Ueber biguanid","volume":"12","author":"Rathke","year":"1879","journal-title":"Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.19290620605","article-title":"\u00dcber biguanide, II.: die blutzucker-senkende Wirkung der Biguanide","volume":"62","author":"Slotta","year":"1929","journal-title":"Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. (A and B Series)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib3","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Du nouveau dans les antidiabetiques. La N,N dimethylamine guanyl guanide (NNDG)","volume":"36","author":"Sterne","year":"1957","journal-title":"Maroc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-95-23163","article-title":"Pharmacological studies of a new oral hypoglycemic drug","volume":"95","author":"Ungar","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib5","first-page":"1849","article-title":"Weitere Ergebnisse der diabetesbehandlung mit blutzuckersenkenden biguaniden","volume":"100","author":"Mehnert","year":"1958","journal-title":"Munch. Med. Wschr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1945.11685228","article-title":"Studies on synthetic antimalarial drugs: I.\u2014biological methods","volume":"39","author":"Curd","year":"1945","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(60)90014-4","article-title":"Pharmacology of the influenza suppressant N1, N1-anhydrobis (\u03b2-hydroxyethyl) biguanide-HCl (ABOB)","volume":"2","author":"Melander","year":"1960","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1954.tb00840.x","article-title":"1: 6-di-4\u2032-chlorophenyldiguanidohexane (\u201chibitane\u201d\u2217). Laboratory investigation of a new antibacterial agent of high potency","volume":"9","author":"Davies","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(72)90337-4","article-title":"Dental plaque reduction with an antibacterial mouth rinse. Part I, Oral Surg","volume":"34","author":"Barnes","year":"1972","journal-title":"Oral Med., Oral Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib10","first-page":"119","article-title":"A\u00a0double-blind comparison of picloxydine dihydrochloride (Vitabact eye drops) and sulfacetamide eye drops in the topical therapy of trachoma","volume":"65","author":"Obikili","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Trach. Pathol. Ocul. Trop. SubTrop. Sante Publique"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib11","unstructured":"L. Ogunbiyi, F.X. Smith, Contact lens wetting solution, 1988, US Patent 4,783,488.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib12","article-title":"Biocidal compositions comprising polyhexamethylene biguanide and EDTA, and methods for treating commercial and recreational water","volume":"5","author":"Unhoch","year":"1995","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1021\/cg1002435","article-title":"The Br\u00f8nsted-Lowry reaction revisited: glass-forming properties of salts of 1,5-dimexylbiguanide","volume":"10","author":"Carvalho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10372","DOI":"10.1021\/ja063353s","article-title":"The dark side of crystal Engineering: creating glasses from small symmetric molecules that form multiple hydrogen bonds","volume":"128","author":"Lebel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5524","DOI":"10.1039\/b811506k","article-title":"Energetic nitrogen-rich salts and ionic liquids: 5-aminotetrazole (AT) as a weak acid","volume":"18","author":"Tao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mater. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108270195012200","article-title":"Energetic materials: the biguanidium nitrates","volume":"52","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2007.11.015","article-title":"Inorganic salts of biguanide \u2013 searching for new materials for second harmonic generation","volume":"886","author":"Matulkov\u00e1","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mol. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2013.02.027","article-title":"A\u00a0biguanide\/Pd-decorated SBA-15 hybrid nanocomposite: synthesis, characterization and catalytic application","volume":"372","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mol. Catal. A: Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2012.11.031","article-title":"Highly efficient phosphine-free Suzuki aryl couplings mediated by an in situ generated Pd(OAc)2\/metformin complex in green media","volume":"54","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2012.11.028","article-title":"Biguanide\/Pd (OAc) 2 immobilized on magnetic nanoparticle as a recyclable catalyst for the heterogeneous Suzuki reaction in aqueous media","volume":"32","author":"Beygzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catal. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib21","first-page":"757","article-title":"Supported palladium catalysis using a biguanide N-donor motif on mesoporous silica for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction","volume":"622","author":"Fallah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2013.10.028","article-title":"Synthesis of biguanide-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) hybrid materials to immobilized palladium as new recyclable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for Suzuki\u2013Miyaura coupling reaction","volume":"382","author":"Veisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mol. Catal. A: Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2014.07.066","article-title":"Catalytic applications of an organosuperbase dendron grafted on mesoporous SBA-15 and a related palladium complex in Henry and Suzuki\u2013Miyaura coupling reactions","volume":"55","author":"Veisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2014.01.007","article-title":"Functionalization of fullerene (C 60) with metformine to immobilized palladium as a novel heterogeneous and reusable nanocatalyst in the Suzuki\u2013Miyaura coupling reaction at room temperature","volume":"385","author":"Veisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mol. Catal. A: Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.3437","article-title":"Biguanidine-functionalized chitosan to immobilize palladium nanoparticles as a novel, efficient and recyclable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for Suzuki\u2013Miyaura coupling reactions","volume":"30","author":"Veisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201600994","article-title":"Palladium supported on metformin-functionalized magnetic polymer nanocomposites: a highly efficient and reusable catalyst for the Suzuki\u2013Miyaura coupling reaction","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-013-9758-3","article-title":"Palladium nanoparticles supported on an organosuperbase denderon-modified mesoporous SBA-15 as a heterogeneous catalyst in Heck coupling reaction","volume":"21","author":"Veisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Porous Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2013.10.039","article-title":"An in situ generated CuI\/metformin complex as a novel and efficient catalyst for C\u2013N and C\u2013O cross-coupling reactions","volume":"54","author":"Ghorbani-Vaghei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2014.06.080","article-title":"Synthesis of 1-aryl indoles via coupling reaction of indoles and aryl halides catalyzed by CuI\/metformin","volume":"70","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2014.10.014","article-title":"Ullmann-type C\u2013N coupling reaction catalyzed by CuI\/metformin","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NJ02108H","article-title":"Palladium nanoparticles supported on modified single-walled carbon nanotubes: a heterogeneous and reusable catalyst in the Ullmann-type N-arylation of imidazoles and indoles","volume":"39","author":"Veisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib32","first-page":"27","article-title":"Catalytic application of an organosuperbase denderon grafted on mesoporous SBA-15 and related palladium complex in the aerobic oxidation of alcohols, Iran","volume":"2","author":"Veisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01633a039","article-title":"Monomer Synthesis.1 synthesis of a vinyltriazine and a study of the reaction of phenylbiguanide with acrylate esters","volume":"76","author":"Overberger","year":"1954","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01630a025","article-title":"Monomer Synthesis.1 triazines. The reaction of phenylbiguanide with ethyl oxalate and ethyl formate","volume":"76","author":"Overberger","year":"1954","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01107a002","article-title":"Chemical and biological studies on 1,2-Dihydro-s-triazines. III. Two-component synthesis","volume":"21","author":"Modest","year":"1956","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Org. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01561a044","article-title":"Preparation of triazines by the reaction of biguanide and Esters1","volume":"79","author":"Overberger","year":"1957","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.16.471","article-title":"The mechanism for the reaction of biguanides with diethyl oxalate","volume":"16","author":"Hayashi","year":"1968","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.31.2473","article-title":"Reaction of biguanides and related compounds. XV. Cyclizations of arylbiguanides and 2-guanidinobenzimidazole with bifunctional unsaturated dicarboxylates to s-triazines and imidazolines","volume":"31","author":"Furukawa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib39","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Reaction of biguanides and related compounds. XVI. Synthesis of s-triazinones and fused s-triazinones by carbonylation of biguanides and related compounds with diethyl azodicarboxylate","volume":"27","author":"Kihara","year":"1990","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Het. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/hc.10213","article-title":"Phenylbiguanide as electron donor in heterocyclic synthesis,","volume":"15","author":"El-Shaieb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heteroat. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2010.04.042","article-title":"High yielding microwave-assisted synthesis of 2-(arylmethyl)amino-4-arylamino-6-alkyl-1,3,5-triazines","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01033a018","article-title":"Quinazolines. I. Formation of a guanidinoquinazoline during the three-component synthesis of a 4, 6-Diamino-1-aryl-1, 2-dihydro-s-triazine1","volume":"29","author":"Rosowsky","year":"1964","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Org. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib43","first-page":"387","article-title":"Quinazolines. IV. a novel synthesis of 1,3-diamino-benzo[f]quinazolines from N1, N5-bis(2-naphthyl)biguanides","volume":"3","author":"Rosowsky","year":"1966","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Het. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib44","first-page":"275","article-title":"Quinazolines. VIII. Synthesis of 1,3-diaminobenzo[f]quinazolines","volume":"9","author":"Rosowsky","year":"1972","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Het. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00316a003","article-title":"Potential antimalarial compounds. 1 IX. 2 pyrimidine derivatives of urea and guanidine","volume":"10","author":"Urbanski","year":"1967","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00872a016","article-title":"Synthesis of boron heterocycles from biguanide","volume":"84","author":"Milks","year":"1962","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(98)00300-1","article-title":"Polynitrogen strong bases: 1-new syntheses of biguanides and their catalytic properties in transesterification reactions","volume":"39","author":"Gelbard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib48","first-page":"563","article-title":"Polynitrogen strong bases as immobilized catalysts for the transesterification of vegetable oils","volume":"3","author":"Gelbard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. - Ser. IIC Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-5148(01)00039-6","article-title":"Polynitrogen strong bases as immobilized catalysts","volume":"48","author":"Gelbard","year":"2001","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.04.003","article-title":"Biguanide-, imine-, and guanidine-based networks as catalysts for transesterification of vegetable oil","volume":"70","author":"Bromberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2012.03.019","article-title":"The successful synthesis of biguanide-functionalized mesoporous silica catalysts: excellent reactivity combined with facile catalyst recyclability","volume":"159","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.5012\/bkcs.2012.33.11.3640","article-title":"The first report on chemoselective biguanide-catalyzed henry reaction under neat conditions","volume":"33","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Kor. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.5012\/bkcs.2012.33.8.2546","article-title":"Biguanide-functionalized Fe 3 O 4\/SiO 2 magnetic nanoparticles: an efficient heterogeneous organosuperbase catalyst for various organic transformations in aqueous media","volume":"33","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Kor. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.10.103","article-title":"Biguanide-functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 silica as an efficient solid catalyst for interesterification of vegetable oils","volume":"197","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluchem.2004.01.030","article-title":"Halex reactions of aromatic compounds catalysed by 2-azaallenium, carbophosphazenium, aminophosphonium and diphosphazenium salts: a comparative study","volume":"125","author":"Pleschke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Fluor. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9477","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200901203","article-title":"New lipophilic 2-amino-N,N\u2032-dialkyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolium cations: synthesis, structure, properties, and outstanding thermal stability in alkaline media","volume":"15","author":"Kunetskiy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eur J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1021\/ja1098353","article-title":"Pentanidium-Catalyzed enantioselective phase-transfer conjugate addition reactions","volume":"133","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1021\/ol302030v","article-title":"Pentanidium\u2013Catalyzed enantioselective \u03b1-hydroxylation of oxindoles using molecular oxygen","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11849","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201407512","article-title":"Catalytic enantioselective alkylation of sulfenate anions to chiral heterocyclic sulfoxides using halogenated pentanidium salts","volume":"53","author":"Zong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9522","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201503844","article-title":"Enantioselective synthesis of quaternary carbon stereocenters: addition of 3-substituted oxindoles to vinyl sulfone catalyzed by pentanidiums","volume":"127","author":"Zong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9935","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b05053","article-title":"Pentanidium- and bisguanidinium-catalyzed enantioselective alkylations using silylamide as br\u00f8nsted probase","volume":"138","author":"Teng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2016.04.016","article-title":"Pentanidium catalyzed enantioselective hydroperoxidation of 2-oxindole using molecular oxygen","volume":"82","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catal. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1139\/cjc-2020-0033","article-title":"Structural features influencing the activity of bis-biguanide ligands in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in neat water","volume":"98","author":"Fortun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10631","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CE01643B","article-title":"Biguanide and squaric acid as pH-dependent building blocks in crystal engineering","volume":"16","author":"Serb","year":"2014","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o181","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108270107005483","article-title":"The 1:1 cocrystals of the proton-transfer compound dilituric acid-phenylbiguanide monohydrate","volume":"63","author":"Portalone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C Cryst. Struct. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o1165","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600536804013807","article-title":"Redetermination of phenylbiguanide hydrochloride","volume":"60","author":"Portalone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108270195014624","article-title":"Two energetic ionic materials: the biguanidium perchlorates","volume":"52","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108768196013183","article-title":"Energetic materials: the preparation and structural characterization of three biguanidinium dinitramides","volume":"53","author":"Martin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1021\/cr60212a001","article-title":"Complex compounds of biguanides and guanylureas with metallic elements","volume":"61","author":"Ray","year":"1961","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib70","series-title":"Biguanides","first-page":"375","article-title":"The chemistry of biguanides","author":"Kurzer","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib71","series-title":"Oral Antidiabetics","first-page":"497","article-title":"Pharmacology of glucosidase inhibitors","author":"Puls","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1968.tb27732.x","article-title":"Chemistry of the biguanides","volume":"148","author":"Elpern","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib73","series-title":"Guanidine and Derivatives, Ullmann\u2019s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry","author":"G\u00fcthner","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3998\/ark.5550190.0011.808","article-title":"Biguanidines, guanylureas and guanylthioureas","volume":"8","author":"Katritzky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arkivoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00169","article-title":"NL2+ systems as new-generation phase-transfer catalysts","volume":"118","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7615","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050602z","article-title":"Pharmacophoric features of biguanide derivatives: an electronic and structural analysis","volume":"48","author":"Bharatam","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1039\/b816595e","article-title":"2 species with two lone pairs on nitrogen: systems isoelectronic to carbodicarbenes","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7645","DOI":"10.1021\/jp111017u","article-title":"Divalent N (I) compounds with two lone pairs on nitrogen","volume":"115","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phy. Chem. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib79","first-page":"1607","article-title":"Carbene\u2192 N+ coordination bonds in drugs: a quantum chemical study","volume":"128","author":"Kathuria","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9071","DOI":"10.1021\/jp304789u","article-title":"Divalent N (I) character in 2-(thiazol-2-yl) guanidine: an electronic structure analysis","volume":"116","author":"Bhatia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phy. Chem. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.23293","article-title":"Existence of dynamic tautomerism and divalent N (I) character in N-(pyridin-2-yl) thiazol-2-amine","volume":"34","author":"Bhatia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Comput. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201705999","article-title":"Can remote N-heterocyclic carbenes coordinate with main group elements? Synthesis, structure, and quantum chemical analysis of N+-Centered complexes","volume":"24","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eur J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s00214-018-2208-1","article-title":"C\u2192 N coordination bonds in (CCC)\u2192 N+\u2190(L) complexes","volume":"137","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theor. Chem. Acc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201503618","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and structural analysis of divalent NI compounds and identification of a new electron-donating ligand","volume":"22","author":"Bharatam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eur J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01196.x","article-title":"Trypanocidal action of p-biguanidoacetophenone amidinohydrazone","volume":"19","author":"Hawking","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000220391","article-title":"Activity of p-Biguanido-acetophenone-guanylhydrazone in trypanosoma equiperdum infection","volume":"10","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"1965","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.606","article-title":"Metformin: its botanical background","volume":"21","author":"Bailey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pract. Diabetes Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib88","article-title":"Metformin: a unique herbal origin medication","volume":"17","author":"Yousef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.09.125","article-title":"Biguanide related compounds in traditional antidiabetic functional foods","volume":"138","author":"Perla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199920060-00003","article-title":"A\u00a0risk-benefit assessment of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Howlett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib91","first-page":"8","article-title":"Sur les proprietes hypoglycemiantes du sulfate de galegine","author":"Simonnet","year":"1927","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. Paris."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4318-z","article-title":"Metformin: historical overview","volume":"60","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib93","first-page":"287","article-title":"Flumamine, a new synthetic analgesic and anti-flu drug","volume":"26","author":"Garcia","year":"1950","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Philippine Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07037-8","article-title":"Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)","volume":"352","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/2347-9906.134435","article-title":"Metformin: a Journey from countryside to the bedside","volume":"1","author":"Patade","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Obes. Metab. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2017.08.100","article-title":"\u201cWhat\u2019s in a structure?\u201d the story of biguanides","volume":"1152","author":"Kathuria","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mol. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib97","first-page":"1790","article-title":"CCXIV.\u2014the preparation of methylguanidine, and of \u03b2\u03b2-dimethylguanidine by the interaction of dicyanodiamide, and methylammonium and dimethylammonium chlorides respectively","volume":"121","author":"Werner","year":"1922","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01523a060","article-title":"Hypoglycemic agents. III. 1\u20143 N1-alkyl-and aralkylbiguanides","volume":"81","author":"Shapiro","year":"1959","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib99","series-title":"New Route to Metformin Hydrochloride (N, N-Dimethylimidodicarbonimidic Diamide Hydrochloride) Synthesis","first-page":"M564","author":"Shalmashi","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108270188014246","article-title":"Structure of metformin hydrochloride","volume":"45","author":"Hariharan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1021\/cg034243p","article-title":"A\u00a0metastable polymorph of metformin Hydrochloride: isolation and characterization using capillary crystallization and thermal microscopy techniques","volume":"4","author":"Childs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o586","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600536803006639","article-title":"N,N-Dimethylbiguanidium nitrate","volume":"59","author":"Zhu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o18","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600536811051105","article-title":"1,1-Dimethylbiguanidium(2+) dinitrate","volume":"68","author":"Fridrichova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib104","first-page":"x289","article-title":"Crystal structure of metformin ethyl N-(3-tossulfonyl)carbamate","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Sci.: X-Ray Struct. Anal. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib105","first-page":"13","article-title":"A\u00a0new N,N-dimethylbiguanidium derivative\u2013synthesis and structural characterisation","volume":"1","author":"Olar","year":"2010","journal-title":"An. Univ. Bucuresti. Chimie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.03.009","article-title":"Prospects for new antimicrobials based on N,N-dimethylbiguanide complexes as effective agents on both planktonic and adhered microbial strains","volume":"45","author":"Olar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.5012\/bkcs.2014.35.12.3495","article-title":"Crystal structure and tautomerism study of the mono-protonated metformin salt","volume":"35","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Kor. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ce26986h","article-title":"Polymorphism in metformin embonate salt - recurrence of dimeric and tetrameric guanidinium-carboxylate synthons","volume":"15","author":"Nanubolu","year":"2013","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1021\/cg400150f","article-title":"Structure and thermodynamical properties of metformin salicylate","volume":"13","author":"P\u00e9rez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108768111043138","article-title":"The whole range of hydrogen bonds in one crystal structure: neutron diffraction and charge-density studies of N, N-dimethylbiguanidinium bis (hydrogensquarate)","volume":"67","author":"\u015eerb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B Struct. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-82502011000100002","article-title":"Polymorphism: an evaluation of the potential risk to the quality of drug products from the Farm\u00e1cia Popular Rede Pr\u00f3pria","volume":"50","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2015.04.041","article-title":"Protonation\u2013deprotonation and structural dynamics of antidiabetic drug metformin","volume":"114","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3844-9","article-title":"Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"59","author":"McCreight","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199630050-00003","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin","volume":"30","author":"Scheen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13505","article-title":"Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action","volume":"108","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.04.001","article-title":"Use of cells expressing \u03b3 subunit variants to identify diverse mechanisms of AMPK activation","volume":"11","author":"Hawley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.121806","article-title":"Metformin activates AMP kinase through inhibition of AMP deaminase","volume":"286","author":"Ouyang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43940","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M404421200","article-title":"Activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase by the anti-diabetic drug metformin in\u00a0vivo: role of mitochondrial reactive nitrogen species","volume":"279","author":"Zou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3480607","article-title":"Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain","volume":"348","author":"Owen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20140620","article-title":"Effects of metformin and other biguanides on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria","volume":"462","author":"Bridges","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.4.1052","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones, like metformin, inhibit respiratory complex I: a common mechanism contributing to their antidiabetic actions?","volume":"53","author":"Brunmair","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2002.6607","article-title":"Metformin effects on dipeptidylpeptidase IV degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"291","author":"Hinke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01461.x","article-title":"Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity by oral metformin in Type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Lindsay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1986-3","article-title":"New aspects of an old drug: metformin as a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) enhancer and sensitiser","volume":"54","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.08.004","article-title":"Mechanism of increase in plasma intact GLP-1 by metformin in type 2 diabetes: stimulation of GLP-1 secretion or reduction in plasma DPP-4 activity?","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.07.043","article-title":"Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activity by metformin enhances the antidiabetic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"547","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12697","article-title":"Involvement of glucagon like peptide-1 in the glucose lowering effect of metformin, Diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Bahne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40671","article-title":"Metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis in mice independently of the LKB1\/AMPK pathway via a decrease in hepatic energy state","volume":"120","author":"Foretz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13270","article-title":"Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase","volume":"510","author":"Madiraju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11808","article-title":"Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP","volume":"494","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13270","article-title":"Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase","volume":"510","author":"Madiraju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.12.3479","article-title":"Rosiglitazone but not metformin enhances insulin-and exercise-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"H\u00e4llsten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20088","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.330746","article-title":"Defining the contribution of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase C (PKC) in regulation of glucose uptake by metformin in skeletal muscle cells","volume":"287","author":"Turban","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.08.021","article-title":"Mechanisms of metformin action on glucose transport and metabolism in human adipocytes","volume":"80","author":"Grisouard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2013.130531","article-title":"Metformin suppresses lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle by promoting fatty acid oxidation","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171293","article-title":"Beneficial effects of metformin on energy metabolism and visceral fat volume through a possible mechanism of fatty acid oxidation in human subjects and rats","volume":"12","author":"Tokubuchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0194","article-title":"Metformin lowers plasma triglycerides by promoting VLDL-triglyceride clearance by Brown adipose tissue in mice","volume":"63","author":"Geerling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01328.x","article-title":"The effect of metformin on blood pressure, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"256","author":"Wulffel\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0762-0","article-title":"Metformin attenuates triglyceride accumulation in HepG2 cells through decreasing stearyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 expression","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47898","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M408149200","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase is required for the lipid-lowering effect of metformin in insulin-resistant human HepG2 cells","volume":"279","author":"Zang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20150125","article-title":"Metformin and salicylate synergistically activate liver AMPK, inhibit lipogenesis and improve insulin sensitivity","volume":"468","author":"Ford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0067","article-title":"Metformin improves vascular and metabolic insulin action in insulin resistant muscle","volume":"243","author":"Bradley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.13.6.696","article-title":"Cellular mechanism of action of metformin","volume":"13","author":"Klip","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.034140","article-title":"Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 in hepatic and intestinal distribution of metformin","volume":"302","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20110386","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: an overview","volume":"122","author":"Viollet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2991-0","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: old or new insights?","volume":"56","author":"Rena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa023","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin action","volume":"42","author":"LaMoia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4342-z","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of metformin","volume":"60","author":"Rena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2337\/dci15-0013","article-title":"Mechanism of metformin: a tale of two sites","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399811666150325233108","article-title":"Molecular action of metformin in hepatocytes: an updated insight","volume":"11","author":"Sliwinska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102863","article-title":"Metformin: an old drug with new applications","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.032","article-title":"Metformin; an old antidiabetic drug with new potentials in bone disorders","volume":"109","author":"Bahrambeigi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00617","article-title":"The potential effect of metformin on cancer: an umbrella review","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1159\/000502257","article-title":"Metformin and aging: a review","volume":"65","author":"Glossmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.06.026","article-title":"Role of metformin for ovulation -induction in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a guideline","volume":"108","author":"Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1039\/JR9460000729","article-title":"149. Synthetic antimalarials. Part X. Some aryl-diguanide (\u201c-biguanide\u201d) derivatives","author":"Curd","year":"1946","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4458.903","article-title":"Paludrine in the treatment of malaria","volume":"1","author":"Maegraith","year":"1946","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1038\/1681080a0","article-title":"A\u00a0metabolite of \u2018Paludrine\u2019with high antimalarial activity","volume":"168","author":"Carrington","year":"1951","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib159","series-title":"Drug Discovery: A History","author":"Sneader","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl104","article-title":"The past, present and future of antifolates in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infection","volume":"57","author":"Nzila","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib161","first-page":"20","article-title":"The safety of atovaquone-proguanil for the prevention and treatment of malaria in pregnancy: a systematic review, Travel Med","volume":"27","author":"Andrejko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib162","series-title":"The Use of Antimalarial Drugs. Report of a WHO Informal Consultation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/157488606775252584","article-title":"Antimalarial drugs in pregnancy: a review","volume":"1","author":"Nosten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2017.12.005","article-title":"Abbreviated atovaquone-proguanil prophylaxis regimens in travellers after leaving malaria-endemic areas: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Savelkoel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trav. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2009.11.012","article-title":"Alteration of pharmacokinetics of proguanil in healthy volunteers following concurrent administration of efavirenz","volume":"39","author":"Soyinka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmaceut. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/159409a0","article-title":"Activation of paludrine in\u00a0vitro","volume":"159","author":"Hawking","year":"1947","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/1681080a0","article-title":"A\u00a0metabolite of paludrine with high antimalarial activity","volume":"168","author":"Carrington","year":"1951","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01144a002","article-title":"Isolation and identification of a metabolite of chlorguanide1, 2","volume":"16","author":"Crounse","year":"1951","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Org. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1107\/S0365110X54001041","article-title":"The crystal structure of the hydrochloride and hydrobromide of the dihydrotriazine metabolite of proguanil","volume":"7","author":"Bailey","year":"1954","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1039\/J19670000060","article-title":"The crystal structure of 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-isopropylbiguanide hydrochloride (\u201cpaludrine\u201d)","author":"Brown","year":"1967","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chem. Soc. Inorg. Phys. Theor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050544","article-title":"Fluvoxamine inhibits the CYP2C19-catalysed metabolism of proguanil in\u00a0vitro","volume":"54","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(65)90003-7","article-title":"Toxicity of the repository antimalarial compound cycloguanil pamoate","volume":"7","author":"Kaump","year":"1965","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.23719","article-title":"Importance of cytochromes in cyclization reactions: quantum chemical study on a model reaction of proguanil to cycloguanil","volume":"35","author":"Arfeen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Comput. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib174","unstructured":"D.G. Sathe, H.K. Mondkar, T.S. Jadhav, N.N. Hagavane, Process of Preparation of Prguanil, US Patent 2011\/0263901 A1, 2011.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9480001630","article-title":"332. Synthetic antimalarials. Part XXVIII. An alternative route to N1-aryl-N5-alkyldiguanides","author":"Curd","year":"1948","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2006.188.192","article-title":"A\u00a0population based case-control study of oral moroxydine, an antiviral agent treatment during pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Andrew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib177","first-page":"3563","article-title":"Herpes zoster treated with N\u2019, N-anhydrobis (2-hydroxyethyl)-biguanide HC1 (ABOB)","volume":"56","author":"Schersten","year":"1959","journal-title":"Svenska lakartidningen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib178","first-page":"182","article-title":"Virustatic effect of a heterocyclic biguanide on herpes simplex virus in\u00a0vitro, Der Hautarzt","volume":"13","author":"Nasemann","year":"1962","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib179","first-page":"97","article-title":"Experiments on prophylaxis and suppression of epidemic influenza with NSN1 anhydrobis (\u03b2-Hydroxyethyl) biguanide hydrochloride (ABOB). A double blind study","volume":"7","author":"Sjoberg","year":"1960","journal-title":"Antibiotic Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib180","first-page":"66","article-title":"Effect of N1, N1-anhydrobis-(\u03b2-hydroxyethyl) biguanide hydrochloride (ABOB) against adenovirus","volume":"14","author":"Kaji","year":"1966","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib181","first-page":"69","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of N1-N1-anhydrobis (\u03b2-hydroxyethyl) biguanide hydrochloride in the treatment of pharyngoconjunctival fever","volume":"14","author":"Kaji","year":"1966","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1965.tb12582.x","article-title":"Virus inhibitory activity of biguanides and related compounds","volume":"130","author":"Ishida","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib183","first-page":"2294","article-title":"Trials with ABOB for prevention and therapy of measles and chickenpox","volume":"104","author":"Kleinschmidt","year":"1950","journal-title":"Munch Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib184","first-page":"92","article-title":"A\u00a0case of chickenpox during the virustat era","volume":"71","author":"Martinon","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Fr. Dermatol. Syphiligr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib185","first-page":"677","article-title":"Action of virustat in dermatology","volume":"70","author":"Bonnet","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Fr. Dermatol. Syphiligr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.05.008","article-title":"Moroxydine hydrochloride inhibits grass carp reovirus replication and suppresses apoptosis in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney cells","volume":"131","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03053","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro antiviral efficacy of moroxydine hydrochloride and ribavirin against grass carp reovirus and giant salamander iridovirus","volume":"121","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.11.007","article-title":"Effects of moroxydine hydrochloride and ribavirin on the cellular growth and immune responses by inhibition of GCRV proliferation","volume":"117","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14506","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo antiviral efficacy of moroxydine hydrochloride against grass carp reovirus and the drug safety assessment","volume":"51","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquacult. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201600490","article-title":"Chromatography column comparison and rapid pretreatment for the simultaneous analysis of amantadine, rimantadine, acyclovir, ribavirin, and moroxydine in chicken muscle by ultra high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Separ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2018.1512756","article-title":"Fast and simple determination of moroxydine residues in pig and chicken samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib192","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Determination of moroxydine residue in tomatoes using CdTe quantum dots as fluorescence probes","volume":"7","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib193","unstructured":"M.B. Olof, N.T. Ragnar, Therapeutic compositions against virus diseases, US Patent 3,073,744, 1963.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.2007.746","article-title":"Synthesis, crystal structure, and properties of a supramolecular compound based on Waugh-type polyanion and moroxydine","volume":"36","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050027z","article-title":"Inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase revealed by virtual screening and parallel synthesis","volume":"48","author":"Meiering","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2006.03.048","article-title":"Novel alkylpolyaminoguanidines and alkylpolyaminobiguanides with potent antitrypanosomal activity","volume":"16","author":"Bi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib197","unstructured":"B.V. Shetty, Antiviral and antimicrobial guanidine or biguanidine derivatives, US Patent 6,699,989, 2004.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib198","first-page":"999","article-title":"Complexes of iron (III) and iron (II) with morpholinebiguanide drug. Crystal structure of a new ligand morpholinebiguanide sulphate [H2MBig] SO4\u00b7 2H2O","volume":"46","author":"P\u01cetr\u00eenoiu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Biochimie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib199","article-title":"Nu-chlorophenyldiguanidino compounds","volume":"2","author":"Leslie","year":"1954","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4422","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9560004422","article-title":"850. Bisdiguanides having antibacterial activity","author":"Rose","year":"1956","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02548431","article-title":"The use of chlorhexidine","volume":"24","author":"Beeuwkes","year":"1958","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.3030491113","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity, in\u00a0vitro, of chlorhexidine","volume":"49","author":"Lawrence","year":"1960","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Pharmaceut. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.17.5.492","article-title":"Bacteriological complications from the use of urethral instruments: principles of prevention","volume":"17","author":"Mitchell","year":"1964","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1968.tb27733.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of biguanides","volume":"148","author":"Weinberg","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800561209","article-title":"The use of chlorhexidine antisepsis in contaminated. Surgical wounds","volume":"56","author":"Crosfill","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib206","first-page":"208","article-title":"The effectiveness of some antiseptics on the oral mucous membrane","volume":"106","author":"Cawson","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1970.tb00696.x","article-title":"The effect of mouthrinses and topical application of chlorhexidine on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis in man","volume":"5","author":"L\u00f6e","year":"1970","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1970.tb00697.x","article-title":"The effect of chlorhexidine mouthrinses on the human oral flora","volume":"5","author":"Rindom Schi\u00f8tt","year":"1970","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1972.tb00257.x","article-title":"Inhibition of experimental caries by plaque prevention: the effect of chlorhexidine mouthrinses","volume":"80","author":"L\u00f6e","year":"1972","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00105.x","article-title":"Chlorhexidine: is it still the gold standard?","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib211","first-page":"CD008676","article-title":"Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health","volume":"3","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1996.92","article-title":"Successful medical therapy of Acanthamoeba keratitis with topical chlorhexidine and propamidine","volume":"10","author":"Seal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(90)90036-N","article-title":"Effective inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus with chlorhexidine antiseptics containing detergents and alcohol","volume":"15","author":"Montefiori","year":"1990","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462981921747","article-title":"The effect of nonoxynol-9 and chlorhexidine on HIV and sperm in\u00a0vitro","volume":"9","author":"Harrison","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1964.tb07384.x","article-title":"Some aspects of the mode of action of chlorhexidine","volume":"16","author":"Hugo","year":"1964","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4477.2005.tb00221.x","article-title":"Chlorhexidine gluconate","volume":"31","author":"Basrani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. Endod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1977.tb00052.x","article-title":"Safety of hibitane I. Laboratory experiments","volume":"4","author":"Case","year":"1977","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0267-6605(89)90034-6","article-title":"A\u00a0review: topical drug use and delivery in the mouth","volume":"4","author":"Addy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/gels5020031","article-title":"Chlorhexidine gel use in the oral district: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4805722","article-title":"Extrinsic tooth discoloration by metals and chlorhexidine. II. Clinical staining produced by chlorhexidine, iron and tea","volume":"159","author":"Addy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61912-4","article-title":"Effects of Chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Bescos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00587","article-title":"Resistance toward chlorhexidine in oral bacteria\u2013is there cause for concern?","volume":"10","author":"Cieplik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1973.0512","article-title":"The effect of an alexidine mouthwash on human plaque and gingivitis","volume":"87","author":"Lobene","year":"1973","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(72)90307-6","article-title":"Dental plaque reduction with an antibacterial mouth rinse: II. A comparison of clinical and physical scoring methods","volume":"34","author":"Gross","year":"1972","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1973.tb02169.x","article-title":"Effect on dental plaque formation and some in\u00a0vitro properties of 12 bis-biguanides","volume":"8","author":"Gjermo","year":"1973","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1975.46.11.685","article-title":"The effect of an antimicrobial mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis in young adults","volume":"46","author":"Spolsky","year":"1975","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Periodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1981.tb02032.x","article-title":"Comparison of the bisbiguanide antiseptics alexidine and chlorhexidine. I. Effect on plaque accumulation and salivary bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"1981","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.5.1561-1569.2004","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro antifungal activities of inhibitors of phospholipases from the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"48","author":"Ganendren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-06-0134","article-title":"Potential use of alexidine dihydrochloride as an apoptosis-promoting anticancer agent","volume":"5","author":"Yip","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Canc. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.163329","article-title":"Pharmacological targeting of the mitochondrial phosphatase PTPMT1","volume":"333","author":"Doughty-Shenton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.06.008","article-title":"Involvement of a mitochondrial phosphatase in the regulation of ATP production and insulin secretion in pancreatic \u03b2 cells","volume":"19","author":"Pagliarini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00087","article-title":"Mechanistic evaluation of lipopolysaccharide\u2013alexidine interaction using spectroscopic and in silico approaches","volume":"4","author":"Jagtap","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2013.09.057","article-title":"Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of highly enantiomerically pure (R, R)-and (S, S)-alexidine","volume":"21","author":"Gr\u00f6st","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00311a006","article-title":"Synthesis of some heterocyclic derivatives of biguanide with antibacterial activity","volume":"11","author":"James","year":"1968","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/40.1.71","article-title":"A\u00a0method of sterilization for the East-Radcliffe ventilator","volume":"40","author":"Meadows","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1977.48.5.282","article-title":"An in\u00a0vivo comparison of chlorhexidine and picloxydine mouthrinses: a possible association between chemical structure and antiplaque activity","volume":"48","author":"Newcomb","year":"1977","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Periodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.09.051","article-title":"N\u2019-bis-(arylamidino)-1, 4-piperazinedicarboxamidines: an unexpected class of potent inhibitors of ch olinesterases","volume":"125","author":"Loesche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02664.x","article-title":"Cationic antiseptics: diversity of action under a common epithet","volume":"99","author":"Gilbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8593","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.0c07212","article-title":"Cationic antiseptics facilitate pore formation in model bacterial membranes","volume":"124","author":"Kholina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib240","first-page":"225","article-title":"Polyhexanide (PHMB)\u2013properties and applications in medicine","volume":"10","author":"Szko\u0142uda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1968.tb00394.x","article-title":"Comparison of the action of vantocil, cetrimide and chlorhexidine on Escherichia coli and its spheroplasts and the protoplasts of gram positive bacteria","volume":"31","author":"Davies","year":"1968","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(84)90009-9","article-title":"Interaction of a polymeric biguanide biocide with phospholipid membranes","volume":"769","author":"Ikeda","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib243","unstructured":"L. Ogunbiyi, F.L. Scott, F.X. Smith, Methods for disinfecting and preserving contact lenses, in, US Patent 4,537,746, 1985.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31994-3","article-title":"Treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis with polyhexamethylene biguanide","volume":"99","author":"Larkin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74448-4","article-title":"Combined treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis with propamidine, neomycin, and polyhexamethylene biguanide","volume":"115","author":"Varga","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689608997418","article-title":"Effects of polyhexamethylene biguanide and chlorhexidine on four species of Acanthamoeba in\u00a0vitro","volume":"15","author":"Tirado-Angel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03284.x","article-title":"The lethal effects of biguanides on cysts and trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii","volume":"81","author":"Khunkitti","year":"1996","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30143-2","article-title":"Treatment of Nocardia asteroides keratitis with polyhexamethylene biguanide","volume":"104","author":"Lin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.2.297","article-title":"In-vitro activity of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) against fungal isolates associated with infective keratitis","volume":"44","author":"Messick","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7309","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7739","article-title":"Polyhexamethylene biguanide and calcineurin inhibitors as novel antifungal treatments for Aspergillus keratitis","volume":"52","author":"Rebong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib251","first-page":"127","article-title":"A\u00a0new approach for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: use of polyhexamethylene biguanide. A prospective, randomized study","volume":"7","author":"Gerli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib252","first-page":"369","article-title":"Polyhexamethylene biguanide for treatment of external genital warts: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study","volume":"9","author":"Marelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2005.07.007","article-title":"Polybiguanides, particularly polyethylene hexamethylene biguanide, have activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"59","author":"Krebs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2001.281206.x","article-title":"Effect of a polyhexamethylene biguanide mouthrinse on bacterial counts and plaque","volume":"28","author":"Rosin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib255a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2001.281206.x","article-title":"Effect of a polyhexamethylene biguanide mouthrinse on bacterial counts and plaque","volume":"28","author":"Rosin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib255b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2002.290503.x","article-title":"The effect of a polyhexamethylene biguanide mouthrinse compared to an essential oil rinse and a chlorhexidine rinse on bacterial counts and 4-day plaque regrowth","volume":"29","author":"Rosin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/508908","article-title":"Successful use of locally applied polyhexamethylene biguanide as an adjunct to the treatment of fungal osteomyelitis","volume":"24","author":"Walls","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib257","first-page":"45","article-title":"The effectiveness of topical polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) agents for the treatment of chronic wounds: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"To","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Technol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(83)90152-9","article-title":"Interaction of biologically active molecules with phospholipid membranes: I. Fluorescence depolarization studies on the effect of polymeric biocide bearing biguanide groups in the main chain","volume":"735","author":"Ikeda","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119249","article-title":"Targeting intracellular, multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus with guanidinium polymers by elucidating the structure-activity relationship","volume":"217","author":"Kuroki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10531","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.5b07162","article-title":"Effects of polyhexamethylene biguanide and polyquaternium-1 on phospholipid bilayer structure and dynamics","volume":"119","author":"Horner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28643-0","article-title":"The response of Escherichia coli to exposure to the biocide polyhexamethylene biguanide","volume":"152","author":"Allen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23121","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23121","article-title":"The antimicrobial polymer PHMB enters cells and selectively condenses bacterial chromosomes","volume":"6","author":"Chindera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib263","first-page":"15","article-title":"Binding of some polyhexamethylene biguanides to the cell envelope of Escherichia coli ATCC 8739","volume":"41","author":"Broxton","year":"1984","journal-title":"Microbios"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1984.tb02363.x","article-title":"Interaction of some polyhexamethylene biguanides and membrane phospholipids in Escherichia coli","volume":"57","author":"Broxton","year":"1984","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.0c02609","article-title":"Insights into the polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) mechanism of action on bacterial membrane and DNA: a molecular dynamics study","volume":"124","author":"Sowlati-Hashjin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(96)00969-X","article-title":"Polybiguanides: synthesis and characterization of polybiguanides containing hexamethylene groups","volume":"38","author":"East","year":"1997","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2012.21.Sup8.S16","article-title":"PHMB: an effective antimicrobial in wound bioburden management","volume":"21","author":"Butcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib268","first-page":"96","volume":"vol. 3","author":"Moore","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib269","first-page":"45","article-title":"Overview of the antidiabetic agents","volume":"3","author":"Deruiter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr. Pharmacother. Module"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190003261307","article-title":"Oral antidiabetic agents: a comparative review","volume":"17","author":"Koski","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.33786\/JCPR.2011.v01i03.012","article-title":"A\u00a0brief review on malaria and current antimalarial drugs","volume":"1","author":"Rudrapal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Pharma Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.07.015","article-title":"Metformin as anti-aging therapy: is it for everyone?","volume":"30","author":"Soukas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172784","article-title":"Old wine in new bottles: drug repurposing in oncology","volume":"866","author":"Antoszczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2012.11.005","article-title":"Metformin and cancer: from the old medicine cabinet to pharmacological pitfalls and prospects","volume":"34","author":"Riedmaier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-12-0263","article-title":"Investigating metformin for cancer prevention and treatment: the end of the beginning","volume":"2","author":"Pollak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canc. Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-062613-093128","article-title":"Metformin in cancer treatment and prevention","volume":"66","author":"Morales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)86579-6","article-title":"Studies in the metabolic changes induced by administration of guanidine bases. I. Influence of injected guanidine hydrochloride upon blood sugar content","volume":"33","author":"Watanabe","year":"1918","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1113331","article-title":"Zur Anwendung einer Retard-Form des Butylguanid in der oralen Diabetestherapie","volume":"90","author":"Mehnert","year":"1965","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.6.755","article-title":"Biguanides and NIDDM","volume":"15","author":"Bailey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-95-23164","article-title":"Clinical report of a new hypoglycemic agent","volume":"95","author":"Pomeranze","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.7.2.87","article-title":"Hypoglycemic actions of phenethyl-, amyl-, and isoamyl-diguanide","volume":"7","author":"Williams","year":"1958","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64753-2","article-title":"A\u00a0site of action of phenethylbiguanide, a hypoglycemic compound","volume":"233","author":"Wick","year":"1958","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib283","first-page":"257","article-title":"Phenethylbiguanide in diabetic patients\u2014clinical and metabolic effects","volume":"90","author":"Lambert","year":"1959","journal-title":"Calif. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(58)90058-1","article-title":"Respiratory inhibition and hypoglycemia by biguanides and decamethylenediguanidine","volume":"30","author":"Steiner","year":"1958","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01523a059","article-title":"Hypoglycemic agents. II. 1\u20143 arylbiguanides","volume":"81","author":"Shapiro","year":"1959","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib286","unstructured":"H. Erich, H. Adolf, Tetrahydrosoquinoline biguanides, US Patent 2,951,843, 1960.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196210182671604","article-title":"Phenformin acidosis","volume":"267","author":"Gottlieb","year":"1962","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.03700140093013","article-title":"Irreversible lactic acidosis associated with phenformin therapy: report of three cases","volume":"184","author":"Tranquada","year":"1963","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.03700140099014","article-title":"Lactic acidosis and phenformin hydrochloride","volume":"184","author":"Bernier","year":"1963","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-59-6-878","article-title":"Lactate acidosis associated with phenformin therapy and localized tissue hypoxia: report of a case treated by hemodialysis","volume":"59","author":"Ewy","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt196674477","article-title":"Phenformin and lactic acidosis","volume":"7","author":"Lacher","year":"1966","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.32.2.181","article-title":"Lactic acidosis revisited","volume":"32","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib293","first-page":"2065","article-title":"The importance of lactate acidosis as a side effect of biguanide therapy","volume":"94","author":"Foerster","year":"1976","journal-title":"Fortschr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01263444","article-title":"Lactic acidosis in biguanide-treated diabetics","volume":"14","author":"Luft","year":"1978","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400230129023","article-title":"Biguanide-associated lactic acidosis: case report and review of the literature","volume":"152","author":"Gan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253815","article-title":"Buformin concentrations in a case of fatal lactic acidosis","volume":"20","author":"Verdonck","year":"1981","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib297","first-page":"429","article-title":"The use of phenformin and metformin","volume":"117","author":"Hunt","year":"1977","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-83-4-567","article-title":"Farewell to phenformin for treating diabetes mellitus","volume":"83","author":"Williams","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib299","unstructured":"A.N. Wick, P.J. Murphy, N1-(2-(p-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl) biguanide as a hypoglycemic agent and as a weight reducing agent, US Patent 3,456,059, 1969."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib300","unstructured":"E. Bosies, K. Stach, F.H. Schmidt, R. Heerdt, H. Weber, Biguanide compounds and anti-diabetic compositions, US Patent 4,017,539, 1977.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00129a015","article-title":"Carbohydrate biguanides as potential hypoglycemic agents","volume":"32","author":"Reitz","year":"1989","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801223380415","article-title":"Lactic cidosis in patients with diabetes treated with metformin","volume":"338","author":"Misbin","year":"1998","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602293340906","volume":"334","author":"Bailey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metformin, N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.6.925","article-title":"Incidence of lactic acidosis in metformin users","volume":"22","author":"Stang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1806802","article-title":"Intensive glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes\u201415-year follow-up","volume":"380","author":"Reaven","year":"2019","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00774.x","article-title":"Improved glycaemic control with metformin\u2013glibenclamide combined tablet therapy (Glucovance\u00ae) in Type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled on metformin","volume":"19","author":"Marre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.13.1695","article-title":"Effect of metformin and rosiglitazone combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"283","author":"Fonseca","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-107349","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of 1-substituted-biguanide derivatives as anti-diabetic agents for type ii diabetes insulin resistant","volume":"66","author":"Abbas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-102692","article-title":"New biguanides as anti-diabetic agents part I: synthesis and evaluation of 1-substituted biguanide derivatives as anti-diabetic agents of type II diabetes insulin resistant","volume":"67","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700183","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.201700183","article-title":"New biguanides as anti-diabetic agents, Part II: synthesis and anti-diabetic properties evaluation of 1-arylamidebiguanide derivatives as agents of insulin resistant type II diabetes","volume":"350","author":"Basyouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib311","series-title":"Oral Antidiabetics","first-page":"263","article-title":"Chemistry and structure-activity relationships of biguanides","author":"Prugnard","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02000097","article-title":"Die Wirkung des Biguanids und seiner Derivate auf den Zuckerstoffwechsel","volume":"142","author":"Hesse","year":"1929","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Schmiedeb. Arch. f\u00fcr Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib313","series-title":"WHO Model List","author":"Essential Medicine","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38415.708634.F7","article-title":"Metformin and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients","volume":"330","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2020.07.006","article-title":"Metformin and COVID-19: from cellular mechanisms to reduced mortality","volume":"46","author":"Scheen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabete Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib316","author":"World Malaria Report 2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib317","series-title":"Plasmodium Knowlesi: the Fifth Human Malaria Parasite","author":"White","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026619666190603080000","article-title":"Molecular targets for malarial chemotherapy: a review","volume":"19","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3103212","article-title":"Malaria prophylaxis: a comprehensive review","volume":"3","author":"Castelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01170a018","article-title":"Biguanide and thiourea derivatives of quinoline1","volume":"12","author":"May","year":"1947","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Org. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01167a012","article-title":"Attempts to find new antimalarials. Xxii. Biguanide derivatives of phenanthrene1","volume":"12","author":"May","year":"1947","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Org. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib322","article-title":"Studies in antimalarials; sulphabiguanide derivatives","volume":"16","author":"Bami","year":"1947","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib323","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies in antimalarials Part VI. Sulphabiguanide derivatives","volume":"30","author":"Bami","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Indian Inst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib324","first-page":"9","article-title":"Studies in antimalarials-part X. N1-Aryl-N5-heterocycyclic-biguanides","volume":"31","author":"Bami","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Indian Inst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1950.tb00594.x","article-title":"N1-3: 4-dichlorophenyl-n5-isopropyl diguanide\u2014a derivative of proguanil highly active in avian malaria","volume":"5","author":"Curd","year":"1950","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90115-0","article-title":"Superior antimalarial activity of proguanil to cycloguanil after in\u00a0vitro bioconversion","volume":"82","author":"Ramanaiah","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib327","first-page":"203","article-title":"Clinical testing of new antimalarial compounds","volume":"50","author":"Canfield","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib328","article-title":"New antimalarials under development","volume":"27","author":"Canfield","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chemother. Malar."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.49.121","article-title":"PS-15: a potent, orally active antimalarial from a new class of folic acid antagonists","volume":"49","author":"Canfield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib330","unstructured":"C. Canfield, D.P. Jacobus, N.J. Lewis, N,N\u2019-substituted imidodicarbonimidic diamides derived from hydroxylamines, US Patent 5,322,858, 1994."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.10.2300","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro activities of the biguanide PS-15 and its metabolite, WR99210, against cycloguanil-resistant Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Thailand","volume":"41","author":"Edstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1021\/jm010089z","article-title":"Phenoxypropoxybiguanides, prodrugs of DHFR\u2212 inhibiting diaminotriazine antimalarials","volume":"44","author":"Jensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib333","article-title":"N\u2032-substituted biguanides derived from hydroxylamines","volume":"6","author":"Jacobus","year":"2004","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2019.10.005","article-title":"Metformin in the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib335","series-title":"WHO Report on Cancer: Setting Priorities, Investing Wisely and Providing Care for All","first-page":"1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib336","first-page":"100488","article-title":"Metformin in breast cancer: preclinical and clinical evidence","volume":"44","author":"De","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-018-0398-0","article-title":"Metformin inhibits human breast cancer cell growth by promoting apoptosis via a ROS-independent pathway involving mitochondrial dysfunction: pivotal role of superoxide dismutase (SOD)","volume":"41","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-019-09429-z","article-title":"Metformin and breast cancer: molecular targets","volume":"24","author":"Faria","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312119865114","article-title":"Metformin as an adjuvant in breast cancer treatment","volume":"7","author":"Roshan","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib340","first-page":"1260","article-title":"More favorable progesterone receptor phenotype of breast cancer in diabetics treated with metformin","volume":"28","author":"Berstein","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/1758834016687482","article-title":"Combination of metformin and curcumin targets breast cancer in mice by angiogenesis inhibition, immune system modulation and induction of p53 independent apoptosis","volume":"9","author":"Falah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib342","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Antidiabetic drug metformin mitigates ovarian cancer SKOV3 cell growth by triggering G2\/M cell cycle arrest and inhibition of m-TOR\/PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"21","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-2460","article-title":"Metformin-induced reduction of CD39 and CD73 blocks myeloid-derived suppressor cell activity in patients with ovarian cancer","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-17-0927","article-title":"Metformin suppresses tumor progression by inactivating stromal fibroblasts in ovarian cancer","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Canc. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib345","first-page":"29","article-title":"Association of metformin use with ovarian cancer incidence and prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib346","article-title":"Phase II clinical trial of metformin as a cancer stem cell\u2013targeting agent in ovarian cancer","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43373","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43373","article-title":"Combining metformin and nelfinavir exhibits synergistic effects against the growth of human cervical cancer cells and xenograft in nude mice","volume":"7","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib348","first-page":"27","article-title":"The effect of metformin on oncological outcomes in patients with cervical cancer with type 2 diabetes mellitus","author":"Hanprasertpong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.04.027","article-title":"Metformin, a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus, disrupts the MALAT1\/miR-142-3p sponge to decrease invasion and migration in cervical cancer cells","volume":"830","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.6.1667","article-title":"Metformin modulates cyclin D1 and P53 expression to inhibit cell proliferation and to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cell lines","volume":"20","author":"Yudhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.12.3539","article-title":"Metformin inhibit cervical cancer migration by suppressing the FAK\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"20","author":"Hakimee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.31083\/j.ejgo.2020.04.5192","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of metformin on survival outcomes and risk in women with cervical cancer","volume":"41","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/19768354.2019.1614092","article-title":"Metformin inhibits cervical cancer cell proliferation via decreased AMPK O-GlcNAcylation","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Cell Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9050045","article-title":"Metformin in lung cancer: review of in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo animal studies","volume":"9","author":"Yousef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2017.05.006","article-title":"Metformin has positive therapeutic effects in colon cancer and lung cancer","volume":"354","author":"Henderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib356","first-page":"681","article-title":"Metformin induces apoptotic cytotoxicity depending on AMPK\/PKA\/GSK-3\u03b2-mediated c-FLIPL degradation in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Canc. Manag. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000442","article-title":"Metformin for lung cancer prevention and improved survival: a novel approach","volume":"28","author":"Roos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Canc. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000875","article-title":"Metformin mediated microRNA-7 upregulation inhibits growth, migration, and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells","volume":"31","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anti Canc. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-019-0942-z","article-title":"Metformin prevents liver tumourigenesis by attenuating fibrosis in a transgenic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"38","author":"Shankaraiah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14048","article-title":"Treatment with metformin is associated with a prolonged survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"39","author":"Schulte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4482","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26555","article-title":"Metformin inhibits tumorigenesis in HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing HULC overexpression caused by HBX","volume":"119","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib362","first-page":"7807","article-title":"Metformin enhances the chemosensitivity of hepatocarcinoma cells to cisplatin through AMPK pathway","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16017","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13762","article-title":"Metformin therapy and risk of colorectal adenomas and colorectal cancer in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib364","article-title":"Metformin improves overall survival of colorectal cancer patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"2017","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Diabetes Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib365","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of metformin on colorectal cancer stem cells depend on alterations in glutamine metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib366","first-page":"491","article-title":"Metformin in colorectal cancer: molecular mechanism, preclinical and clinical aspects","volume":"38","author":"Kamarudin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Clin. Canc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0621-8830","article-title":"Metformin and colorectal cancer\u2013A systematic review","volume":"127","author":"Kobiela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib368","first-page":"1","article-title":"Metformin and colorectal cancer: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib369","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of metformin therapy on incidence and prognosis in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib370","first-page":"1","article-title":"Combination of curcumin and metformin inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis without affecting the cell cycle in LNCaP prostate cancer cell line","author":"Eslami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-018-0085-2","article-title":"The anticancer potential of metformin on prostate cancer","volume":"22","author":"Zaidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-017-0701-0","article-title":"Metformin suppresses cancer initiation and progression in genetic mouse models of pancreatic cancer","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib373","unstructured":"P.T. Zhou, B. Li, F.R. Liu, M.C. Zhang, Q. Wang, Y.Y. Li, C. Xu, Y.H. Liu, Y. Yao, D..."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1159\/000493214","article-title":"Survival benefit of metformin adjuvant treatment for pancreatic cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Wan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2019.06.002","article-title":"Metformin associated with increased survival in type 2 diabetes patients with pancreatic cancer and lymphoma","volume":"358","author":"Wynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib376","first-page":"105390","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of metformin and its regulatory effect on microRNAs related to angiogenesis","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib377","first-page":"4885","article-title":"Mechanisms of metformin inhibiting cancer invasion and migration","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112439","article-title":"Metformin: metabolic rewiring faces tumor heterogeneity","volume":"9","author":"Cioce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117717","article-title":"Anticancer mechanisms of metformin: a review of the current evidence","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2016.06.006","article-title":"Metformin use and gynecological cancers: a novel treatment option emerging from drug repositioning","volume":"105","author":"Gadducci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40767","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8194","article-title":"Repurposing metformin for cancer treatment: current clinical studies","volume":"7","author":"Chae","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-33","article-title":"Understanding the benefit of metformin use in cancer treatment","volume":"9","author":"Dowling","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0157","article-title":"Metformin and cancer risk in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"DeCensi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canc. Prev. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.05.004","article-title":"Repositioning metformin for cancer prevention and treatment","volume":"24","author":"Quinn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-09-1186","article-title":"Metformin in cancer therapy: a new perspective for an old antidiabetic drug?","volume":"9","author":"Sahra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Canc. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.6.10994","article-title":"Metformin and cancer: doses, mechanisms and the dandelion and hormetic phenomena","volume":"9","author":"Martin-Castillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib387","first-page":"57","article-title":"Metformin in cancer prevention and therapy","volume":"2","author":"Kasznicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-011-0669-y","article-title":"Metformin: a new option in cancer treatment","volume":"13","author":"Belda-Iniesta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-011-9846-7","article-title":"Metformin and cancer: new applications for an old drug","volume":"29","author":"Kourelis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.3801","article-title":"Metformin-its potential anti-cancer and anti-aging effects","volume":"71","author":"Podhorecka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e32834d8155","article-title":"Metformin and cancer therapy","volume":"24","author":"Bost","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.02.038","article-title":"Metformin and cancer","volume":"705","author":"Rizos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib393","first-page":"94","article-title":"On effect of phenformin on induction of mammary gland tumors in rats","volume":"20","author":"Dilman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vopr. Oknol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39398","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6347","article-title":"Metformin for cancer and aging prevention: is it a time to make the long story short?","volume":"6","author":"Anisimov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib395","first-page":"753","article-title":"Increase in longevity and a decrease in the frequency of tumors in C3H\/Sn mice under the influence of fenformin and diphenin","volume":"245","author":"Dil\u2019man","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib396","first-page":"42","article-title":"Effect of buformin and diphenylhydantoin on the life span, estrous function and spontaneous tumor incidence in rats","volume":"26","author":"Anisimov","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vopr. Onkol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib397","first-page":"40","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of phenformin on the development of mammary tumors induced by N-nitrosomethylurea in rats","volume":"3","author":"Anisimov","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp. Onkol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib398","first-page":"127","article-title":"Effect of phenformin on life span, estrus function and spontaneous tumor incidence in rats","volume":"45","author":"Anisimov","year":"1982","journal-title":"Farmakol. Toksikol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.23258","article-title":"Prevention of pancreatic cancer induction in hamsters by metformin","volume":"120","author":"Schneider","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026299318315","article-title":"Insulin and longevity: antidiabetic biguanides as geroprotectors","volume":"4","author":"Anisimov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10269","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-1500","article-title":"Metformin is an AMP kinase\u2013dependent growth inhibitor for breast cancer cells","volume":"66","author":"Zakikhani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Canc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2008.04.008","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro metformin anti-neoplastic activity in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"110","author":"Gotlieb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-2689","article-title":"Chemical genomics identifies the unfolded protein response as a target for selective cancer cell killing during glucose deprivation","volume":"69","author":"Saito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Canc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35687","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26286","article-title":"A\u00a0phase 2 trial of neoadjuvant metformin in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy in women with early HER2-positive breast cancer: the METTEN study","volume":"9","author":"Martin-Castillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.09.134","article-title":"Relevance of the OCT1 transporter to the antineoplastic effect of biguanides","volume":"414","author":"Segal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2012.07.115","article-title":"Metformin targets ovarian cancer stem cells in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo","volume":"127","author":"Shank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23187","article-title":"Metformin synergistically suppress tumor growth with doxorubicin and reverse drug resistance by inhibiting the expression and function of P-glycoprotein in MCF7\/ADR cells and xenograft models","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01165.x","article-title":"Metformin, an antidiabetic agent reduces growth of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by targeting mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"88","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib409","unstructured":"P.M. Woster, T. Boncher, R.A. Casero, Polyamines useful as anti-parasitic and anti-cancer therapeutics and as lysine-specific demethylase inhibitors, US Patent 8,148,577 B2, 2012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0181","article-title":"Metformin selectively targets tumor-initiating cells in ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer models","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canc. Prev. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E534","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29193","article-title":"The biguanides metformin and phenformin inhibit angiogenesis, local and metastatic growth of breast cancer by targeting both neoplastic and microenvironment cells","volume":"136","author":"Orecchioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18673","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18673","article-title":"Aspirin and atenolol enhance metformin activity against breast cancer by targeting both neoplastic and microenvironment cells","volume":"6","author":"Talarico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2015.01.044","article-title":"The effects of NT1014, a novel AMPK activator, compared to metformin, on ovarian cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor growth","volume":"137","author":"Wysham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib414","first-page":"1","article-title":"NT1014, a novel biguanide, inhibits ovarian cancer growth in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002309","article-title":"Metformin antagonizes cancer cell proliferation by suppressing mitochondrial-dependent biosynthesis","volume":"13","author":"Griss","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv006","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv006","article-title":"Effect of metformin vs placebo on weight and metabolic factors in NCIC CTG MA. 32","volume":"107","author":"Goodwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.4675","article-title":"Anticancer effect of metformin on estrogen receptor-positive and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell lines","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/celldisc.2017.22","article-title":"Metformin-induced ablation of microRNA 21-5p releases Sestrin-1 and CAB39L antitumoral activities","volume":"3","author":"Pulito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.12819","article-title":"Effects of biguanides on growth and glycolysis of bladder and colon cancer cells","volume":"38","author":"Lea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2015-3572","article-title":"Metformin inhibits the oncogenic potential and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells targeting CCN1-CXCR4 axis: a new perspective for an old antidiabetic drug","volume":"75","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.10.016","article-title":"CYR61 controls p53 and NF-\u03baB expression through PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathways in carboplatin-induced ovarian cancer cells","volume":"315","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canc. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib422","first-page":"6093","article-title":"Anticancer activity of metformin, an antidiabetic drug, against ovarian cancer cells involves inhibition of cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61)\/Akt\/Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Mon. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370218813320","article-title":"Buformin increases radiosensitivity in cervical cancer cells via cell-cycle arrest and delayed DNA-damage repair","volume":"243","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6254269","article-title":"The Biguanides Metformin and Buformin in combination with 2-Deoxy-glucose or WZB-117 inhibit the viability of highly resistant human lung cancer cells","author":"Yakisich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2017.08.003","article-title":"Effects of metformin on proliferation and apoptosis of hum an megakaryoblastic Dami and MEG-01 cells","volume":"135","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.05.065","article-title":"Metformin and caffeic acid regulate metabolic reprogramming in human cervical carcinoma SiHa\/HTB-35 cells and augment anticancer activity of Cisplatin via cell cycle regulation","volume":"106","author":"Tyszka-Czochara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900075","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.201900075","article-title":"Anticancer properties of novel pyrazole-containing biguanide derivatives with activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway","volume":"352","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2738","article-title":"Biguanides in combination with olaparib limits tumorigenesis of drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells through inhibition of Snail","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Canc. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5159","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00982","article-title":"Polypeptide derivative of metformin with the combined advantage of a gene carrier and anticancer activity","volume":"5","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib430","series-title":"Phenylethynylbenzyl-Modified Biguanides Inhibit Pancreatic Cancer Tumor Growth","first-page":"793109","author":"H\u00e9bert","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-18-0409","article-title":"SPHK1 is a novel target of metformin in ovarian cancer","volume":"17","author":"Hart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Canc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib432","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Combination of metformin and phenformin synergistically inhibits proliferation and hTERT expression in human breast cancer cells, Iran","volume":"21","author":"Jafari-Gharabaghlou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.14701\/ahbps.2018.22.3.179","article-title":"Synergistic effect of metformin on sorafenib in in\u00a0vitro study using hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines","volume":"22","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2478\/acph-2018-0031","article-title":"Glucose deprivation enhances the antiproliferative effects of oral hypoglycemic biguanides in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer: an in\u00a0vitro study","volume":"68","author":"Bardaweel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-020-01885-3","article-title":"Phenformin inhibits proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma cells via AMPK-mTOR and HIF-1A pathways","volume":"393","author":"Jaidee","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib436","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Metformin: a possible option in cancer chemotherapy","author":"Ugwueze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Cell Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5233-y","article-title":"Metformin as an adjunctive therapy for pancreatic cancer: a review of the literature on its potential therapeutic use","volume":"63","author":"Broadhurst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00191","article-title":"Metformin and its benefits for various diseases","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.509714","article-title":"Metformin and chemoprevention: potential for heart-healthy targeting of biologically aggressive breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00277","article-title":"Screening novel molecular targets of metformin in breast cancer by proteomic approach","volume":"5","author":"Al-Zaidan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib441","series-title":"Metformin Activity against Breast Cancer: Mechanistic Differences by Molecular Subtype and Metabolic Conditions","author":"Wahdan-Alaswad","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib442","first-page":"23","article-title":"The effects of metformin on ovarian cancer: a systematic review","author":"Dilokthornsakul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib443","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.12017","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of metformin in the treatment of endometrial cancer","volume":"20","author":"Mu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-3645","article-title":"Metformin in gynecologic cancers: opening a new window for prevention and treatment?","volume":"26","author":"Madariaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Canc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66202","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11033","article-title":"Metformin use improves survival of diabetic liver cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1267","article-title":"Metformin for liver cancer prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i12.1652","article-title":"Systematic review: preventive and therapeutic applications of metformin in liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Bhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib448","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16149-z","article-title":"Metformin transiently inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation as a result of either AMPK activation or increased ROS production","volume":"7","author":"Mogavero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib449","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8540","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228540","article-title":"Current status and application of metformin for prostate cancer: a comprehensive review","volume":"21","author":"Ahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0360548","article-title":"Antibacterial action and chemical constitution in long-chain aliphatic bases","volume":"36","author":"Fuller","year":"1942","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0410403","article-title":"Antibacterial action of some aromatic amines, amidines, amidoximes, guanidines and diguanidines","volume":"41","author":"Fuller","year":"1947","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib452","first-page":"572","article-title":"The antimicrobial activity of N1, N5-substituted biguanides","volume":"11","author":"Weinberg","year":"1961","journal-title":"Antibiot. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib453","first-page":"170","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of certain biguanide derivatives","volume":"17","author":"Izawa","year":"1964","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Antibiot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib454","unstructured":"F. Louis, F.M. Shapiro, Alkoxypropylene biguanides, US Patent 3,152,181, 1964.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600650731","article-title":"Synthesis, physicochemical parameters, and in\u00a0vitro evaluation of N1-p-chlorophenyl-N5-alkylbiguanides","volume":"65","author":"Warner","year":"1976","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib456","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.12.6.721","article-title":"Structural requirements of guanide, biguanide, and bisbiguanide agents for antiplaque activity","volume":"12","author":"Tanzer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib457","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00206a024","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro antiplaque properties of a series of alkyl bis (biguanides)","volume":"21","author":"Coburn","year":"1978","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib458","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1983.tb02627.x","article-title":"A\u00a0study of the antibacterial activity of some polyhexamethylene biguanides towards Escherichia coli ATCC 8739","volume":"54","author":"Broxton","year":"1983","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib459","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.26.2.139","article-title":"New polymeric biocides: synthesis and antibacterial activities of polycations with pendant biguanide groups","volume":"26","author":"Ikeda","year":"1984","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib460","unstructured":"J.J. Merianos, Bis-(pyrrolidonyl alkylene) biguanides, US Patent 4,952,704, 1990."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3181909ae6","article-title":"Amoebicidal activities of alexidine against 3 pathogenic strains of acanthamoeba","volume":"35","author":"Hassan Alizadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib462","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(97)00297-7","article-title":"Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel antiseptics","volume":"7","author":"Tsubouchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib463","first-page":"855","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of a polymeric chlorhexidine release device using in\u00a0vitro model of Enterococcus faecalis dentinal tubule infection","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Endod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib464","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2013.11","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of alexidine and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis infection","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib465","first-page":"966","article-title":"Interaction between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate","volume":"33","author":"Basrani","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Endod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib466","article-title":"Alexidine: a safer and an effective root canal irrigant than chlorhexidine","volume":"11","author":"Surender","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib467","first-page":"398","article-title":"Alexidine versus chlorhexidine for endodontic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib468","article-title":"Comparison of the antibacterial efficacy of alexidine and chlorhexidine against enterococcus faecalis: an in\u00a0vitro study","volume":"9","author":"Varadan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib469","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1071\/CH03146","article-title":"Synthesis, biological activity, and QSAR studies of antimicrobial agents containing biguanide isosteres","volume":"57","author":"Wernert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4477.2009.00164.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial substantivity of root canal irrigants and medicaments: a review","volume":"35","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. Endod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.11.006","article-title":"Comparison of the in\u00a0vivo antimicrobial effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine used as root canal irrigants: a molecular microbiology study","volume":"37","author":"R\u00f4\u00e7as","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Endodontics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2006.04.010","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide combined with chlorhexidine gel used as intracanal medicament, Oral Surg","volume":"102","author":"de Almeida Gomes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral Med., Oral Pathol., Oral Radiol., Endodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib473","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2012.02093.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial effectiveness of intracanal medicaments on E nterococcus faecalis: chlorhexidine versus octenidine","volume":"46","author":"De Lucena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib474","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(98)00828-3","article-title":"Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of polymeric guanidine and biguanidine salts","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000318264","article-title":"Review on the efficacy, safety and clinical applications of polihexanide, a modern wound antiseptic","volume":"23","author":"H\u00fcbner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2478\/s11532-010-0028-9","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of new copper (II) complex compounds with chlorhexidine. Part I","volume":"8","author":"C\u0103linescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib477","first-page":"682","article-title":"Spectral and biological characterization of some copper (II) complex compounds with chlorhexidine","volume":"63","author":"Calinescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Chim. (Bucharest)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib478","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.03.033","article-title":"N, N-dimethylbiguanide complexes displaying low cytotoxicity as potential large spectrum antimicrobial agents","volume":"45","author":"Olar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib479","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-012-2277-7","article-title":"Synthesis, spectral and thermal study on new Fe (III) complexes with N, N-dimethylbiguanide as antibacterial agents","volume":"111","author":"Badea","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000394027.82702.16","article-title":"Reduction of bacterial burden and pain in chronic wounds using a new polyhexamethylene biguanide antimicrobial foam dressing-clinical trial results","volume":"24","author":"Sibbald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib481","first-page":"132","article-title":"Antimicrobial effectiveness of polyhexamethylene biguanide on Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans","volume":"15","author":"Miki\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Glas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib482","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e31820cebc3","article-title":"Effects of ionic and surfactant agents on the antimicrobial activity of polyhexamethylene biguanide","volume":"37","author":"Yanai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib483","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-014-1255-y","article-title":"Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and toxicity studies of N, N-disubstituted biguanides as quorum sensing inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib484","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3109\/14756360903179443","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of biguanide and dihydrotriazine derivatives as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase of opportunistic microorganisms","volume":"25","author":"Bag","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.7b00619","article-title":"A\u00a0structural basis for biguanide activity","volume":"56","author":"Gabel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib486","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00539-18","article-title":"Alexidine dihydrochloride has broad-spectrum activities against diverse fungal pathogens","volume":"3","author":"Mamouei","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib487","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bis-biguanide dihydrochloride inhibits intracellular replication of M. tuberculosis and controls infection in mice","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib488","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00866-08","article-title":"Specific interactions between the viral coreceptor CXCR4 and the biguanide-based compound NB325 mediate inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection","volume":"53","author":"Thakkar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib489","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00934-09","article-title":"Persistent interactions between biguanide-based compound NB325 and CXCR4 result in prolonged inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection","volume":"54","author":"Thakkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2010.10.001","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships of polybiguanides with activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"64","author":"Passic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108183","article-title":"Metformin in COVID-19: a possible role beyond diabetes","volume":"164","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/wasj.2020.68","article-title":"Inhaled biguanides and mTOR inhibition for influenza and coronavirus","volume":"2","author":"Lehrer","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib493","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108282","article-title":"A\u00a0proposed mechanism for the possible therapeutic potential of metformin in COVID-19","volume":"167","author":"Esam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib494","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1134\/S1070328416040023","article-title":"Cobalt (III) complexes with biguanide derivatives: synthesis, structures, and antiviral activity","volume":"42","author":"Kirin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Russ. J. Coord. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0256-307X\/37\/5\/058701","article-title":"Rapid structure-based screening informs potential agents for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207780162827","article-title":"Dihydrofolate reductase as a target for chemotherapy in parasites","volume":"13","author":"Gangjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmaceut. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib497","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biochemical targets in filarial worms for selective antifilarial drug design","volume":"50","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib498","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.09.004","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro biological evaluation of biguanides and dihydrotriazines against Brugia malayi and folate reversal studies","volume":"113","author":"Bag","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib499","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-5-12","article-title":"A\u00a0simple technique for quantifying apoptosis in 96-well plates","volume":"5","author":"Ribble","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013000309","article-title":"Exploration of 2, 4-diaminopyrimidine and 2, 4-diamino-s-triazine derivatives as potential antifilarial agents","volume":"140","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(03)00169-4","article-title":"Insulin\/IGF-1 signaling pathway driving aging and cancer as a target for pharmacological intervention","volume":"38","author":"Anisimov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2005.07.007","article-title":"Effect of metformin on life span and on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2\/neu transgenic mice","volume":"40","author":"Anisimov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.7.17.6625","article-title":"Metformin slows down aging and extends life span of female SHR mice","volume":"7","author":"Anisimov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.26928","article-title":"Metformin: do we finally have an anti-aging drug?","volume":"12","author":"Anisimov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.02.035","article-title":"Metformin retards aging in C. elegans by altering microbial folate and methionine metabolism","volume":"153","author":"Cabreiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.05.014","article-title":"Metformin, microbes, and aging","volume":"17","author":"Storelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12354","article-title":"Can people with type 2 diabetes live longer than those without? A comparison of mortality in people initiated with metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy and matched, non-diabetic controls","volume":"16","author":"Bannister","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib508","series-title":"Targeting Aging with Metformin (TAME), Innovation in Aging","author":"Barzilai","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib509","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.04.001","article-title":"Benefits of metformin in attenuating the hallmarks of aging","volume":"32","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-018-9773-5","article-title":"Metformin as a geroprotector: experimental and clinical evidence","volume":"20","author":"Piskovatska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.011","article-title":"Metformin as a tool to target aging","volume":"23","author":"Barzilai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.08.003","article-title":"Metformin reduces all-cause mortality and diseases of ageing independent of its effect on diabetes control: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib513","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200716161610","article-title":"Anti-aging effect of metformin: a molecular and therapeutical perspective","volume":"26","author":"Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmaceut. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib514","first-page":"393","article-title":"Metformin and polycystic ovary syndrome: a literature review","volume":"24","author":"Awartani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.02.098","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome after first-trimester exposure to metformin: a meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Gilbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib516","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13493-9","article-title":"Descriptive review of the evidence for the use of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"361","author":"Harborne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib517","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.11.027","article-title":"Insulin resistance and metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Ben-Haroush","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib518","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)04554-5","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of the reproductive system effects of metformin in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Costello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib519","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0030","article-title":"Evidence-based and potential benefits of metformin in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive review","volume":"30","author":"Palomba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7421.951","article-title":"Metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"327","author":"Lord","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmm026","article-title":"The role of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Moll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib522","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018810380215","article-title":"Role of metformin in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Lashen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1159\/000335253","article-title":"Is metformin indicated as primary ovulation induction agent in women with PCOS? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Siebert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib524","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of metformin intervention during pregnancy on the gestational diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Zhuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Diabetes Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-14-93","article-title":"Effect of metformin on serum interleukin-6 levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Wom. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv025","article-title":"Metformin and lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Naderpoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib527","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome compared to metformin only or metformin addition: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5150684","article-title":"The effect of metformin on polycystic ovary syndrome in overweight women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"2020","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14013","article-title":"Effect of the combined oral contraceptive pill and\/or metformin in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"91","author":"Teede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib530","first-page":"56","article-title":"Metformin use in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E120","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v39i4.27091","article-title":"Effect of metformin treatment during pregnancy on women with PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Invest. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib532","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00657","article-title":"Metformin is a direct SIRT1-activating compound: computational modeling and experimental validation","volume":"9","author":"Cuy\u00e0s","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib533","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.06.104","article-title":"A\u00a0biguanide derivative and its cyclic analogue: structural characterization, AChE inhibitory effect and docking studies","volume":"1196","author":"Gungor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mol. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.10.058","article-title":"Novel biguanide-based derivatives scouted as TAAR1 agonists: synthesis, biological evaluation, ADME prediction and molecular docking studies","volume":"127","author":"Tonelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.01.059","article-title":"Rational design, chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of novel biguanides exploring species-specificity responsiveness of TAAR1 agonists","volume":"146","author":"Guariento","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib536","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-011-9966-9","article-title":"CytochromeP450 isoenzyme specificity in the metabolism of anti-malarial biguanides: molecular docking and molecular dynamics analyses","volume":"21","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib537","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.2478\/s11696-014-0598-7","article-title":"Binding of biguanides to \u03b2-lactoglobulin: molecular-docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies","volume":"68","author":"Sahihi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00285","article-title":"Incorporation of a biguanide scaffold enhances drug uptake by organic cation transporters 1 and 2","volume":"14","author":"Obianom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib539","author":"National Library of Medicine (NLM)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib540","author":"National Library of Medicine (NLM)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib541","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of metformin in 51 675 patients with type 2 diabetes and different levels of renal function: a cohort study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register","volume":"2","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Endocrinol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib542","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-3023","article-title":"Risk of lactic acidosis or elevated lactate concentrations in metformin users with renal impairment: a population-based cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Eppenga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib543","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00123-0","article-title":"Metformin use and mortality in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: national, retrospective, observational, cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib544","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0464","article-title":"Incidence of lactic acidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without renal impairment treated with metformin: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Richy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.105","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: complex interplay between metformin, AKI and lactic acidosis","volume":"13","author":"Rhee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib546","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.5812\/nephropathol.8107","article-title":"Lipoprotein (a), type 2 diabetes and nephropathy; the mystery continues","volume":"1","author":"Baradaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nephropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib547","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5812\/nephropathol.8119","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in children: a report from a tertiary care center over 11 years","volume":"1","author":"Gheissari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nephropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib548","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-017-9649-9","article-title":"Still sour about lactic acidosis years later: role of metformin in heart failure","volume":"23","author":"Kuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib549","first-page":"31","article-title":"Efficacy of supplementary vitamin D on improvement of glycemic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; a randomized double blind clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Nasri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Ren. Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.3805","article-title":"Metformin in 2019","volume":"321","author":"Flory","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13090","article-title":"A\u00a0new perspective on the biguanide, metformin therapy in type 2 diabetes and lactic acidosis","volume":"10","author":"Hotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Diabetes Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib552","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066618793385","article-title":"Review of biguanide (metformin) toxicity","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib553","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666161201152941","article-title":"Is metformin a perfect drug? Updates in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"23","author":"Markowicz-Piasecka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmaceut. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib554","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.06.001","article-title":"Recommendations for diagnosis and management of metformin-induced vitamin B12 (Cbl) deficiency","volume":"97","author":"Mazokopakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.11.002","article-title":"Metformin and digestive disorders","volume":"37","author":"Bouchoucha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378_bib556","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.01.033","article-title":"Chlorhexidine allergy in the perioperative setting: a narrative review","volume":"123","author":"Rose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0223523421002270?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0223523421002270?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T14:27:00Z","timestamp":1759328820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0223523421002270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":557,"alternative-id":["S0223523421002270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378","relation":{},"ISSN":["0223-5234"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0223-5234","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Biguanides: Species with versatile therapeutic applications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113378","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113378"}}