{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:23:09Z","timestamp":1787930589841,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejog.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,21]],"date-time":"2004-04-21T04:14:02Z","timestamp":1082520842000},"page":"3-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Multiple sclerosis: management issues during pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Pretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Ragni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB1","first-page":"733","article-title":"Nutrition, latitude, and multiple sclerosis mortality: an ecologic study","volume":"152","author":"Esparza","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009746","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the United Kingdom by using capture\u2013recapture methodology","volume":"149","author":"Forbes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807303390509","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy and delivery on disease activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"339","author":"Whitaker","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.907","article-title":"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Lublin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.1.133","article-title":"The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. I. Clinical course and disability","volume":"112","author":"Weinshenker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330309","article-title":"A population-based study of multiple sclerosis in twins: update","volume":"33","author":"Sadovnick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.10.1869","article-title":"The genetics of multiple sclerosis: principles, background and updated results of the United Kingdom systematic genome screen","volume":"121","author":"Chataway","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.8.1229","article-title":"Linkage of the MHC to familiar multiple sclerosis suggests genetic heterogeneity. The Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Group","volume":"7","author":"Haines","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(98)80091-5","article-title":"Inheritance of susceptibility to multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Sawcer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1422","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and gestation","volume":"33","author":"Poser","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.1.253","article-title":"Pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of onset and a better prognosis in multiple sclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Runmarker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02173537","article-title":"Optic neuritis during lactation","volume":"222","author":"Erkkila","year":"1985","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB13","first-page":"902","article-title":"Optic neuritis with transient total blindness during lactation","volume":"98","author":"Retzloff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB14","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee on Obstetric Practice. Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 158. Washington, DC: ACOG; 1995."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/89.3.419","article-title":"Marriage, pregnancy and multiple sclerosis","volume":"89","author":"Schapira","year":"1966","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410160211","article-title":"Activity of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy and puerperium","volume":"16","author":"Korn-Lubetzki","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.8.1097","article-title":"The effects of pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective study","volume":"36","author":"Thomson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03720230051029","article-title":"Risk of multiple sclerosis exacerbation during pregnancy and breast-feeding","volume":"259","author":"Nelson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.11.1438","article-title":"The influence of pregnancy on disability from multiple sclerosis: a population-based study in Middlesex County, Ontario","volume":"39","author":"Weinshenker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1991.tb04977.x","article-title":"The influence of pregnancy on relapses in multiple sclerosis: a cohort study","volume":"84","author":"Bernardi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.10.1062","article-title":"Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study of 125 remittent patients","volume":"56","author":"Roullet","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530070026007","article-title":"The clinical course of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy and the puerperium","volume":"47","author":"Birk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807303390501","article-title":"The Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis","volume":"339","author":"Confavreux","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.2.327","article-title":"Magnetic resonance evaluation of disease activity during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Van Walderveen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB25","first-page":"195","article-title":"Hormonal factors in susceptibility to multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Duquette","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(94)90027-2","article-title":"Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis: the influence on long term disability","volume":"96","author":"Verdru","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neuosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.120502","article-title":"Birth outcomes and need for hospitalization after delivery among women with multiple sclerosis","volume":"186","author":"Mueller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00863773","article-title":"Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis: a 3-year prospective study","volume":"241","author":"Worthington","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1994.00540230058013","article-title":"Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis: a prospective study","volume":"51","author":"Sadovnick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(98)00231-0","article-title":"Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis: a 2-year experience","volume":"82","author":"Orvieto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Euro. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)00297-9","article-title":"Neurological complications of pregnancy","volume":"153","author":"Bodis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(80)80007-6","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome following cancer chemotherapy","volume":"69","author":"Blatt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03350180061032","article-title":"Multimodal cancer therapy for breast cancer in the first trimester of pregnancy. A case report","volume":"252","author":"Murray","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.5.610","article-title":"The effects of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory medications on fertility, pregnancy and lactation","volume":"160","author":"Janssen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Inter. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1971.03180370031006","article-title":"Parenthood in renal transplant recipients","volume":"216","author":"Penn","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB36","first-page":"834","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy treated with azathioprine","volume":"59","author":"Guillibrand","year":"1966","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(68)80430-5","article-title":"Methotraxate induced congenital malformations","volume":"72","author":"Milunsky","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90522-F","article-title":"Outcome of first-trimester exposure to low-dose methotrexate in eight patients with rheumatic disease","volume":"88","author":"Kozlowski","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1971.tb92712.x","article-title":"Methotrexate-induced congenital malformations","volume":"2","author":"Powell","year":"1971","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB40","first-page":"599","article-title":"Multiple anomalies in a fetus exposed to low-dose methotrexate in the first trimester","volume":"99","author":"Nguyen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420490202","article-title":"Methotrexate exposure prior to and during pregnancy","volume":"49","author":"Donnenfeld","year":"1994","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB42","first-page":"1089","article-title":"Outcomes of 500 pregnancies in 335 female kidney, liver and heart transplant recipients","volume":"27","author":"Radomski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transplant Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780381203","article-title":"Effects of immunosuppressive drugs during pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Bermas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200104270-00006","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome after cyclosporine therapy during pregnancy: a meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Bar Oz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1622","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: side effects of interferon beta therapy and their management","volume":"53","author":"Walther","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB46","unstructured":"Coyle PK, Johnson K, Pardo L, Stark Y. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with glatiramer acetate (Copaxone\u00ae). In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 29 March\u20135 April 2003. Neurology 2003;60(5)(Suppl 1):A60 [abstract]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00878527","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in the prevention of childbirth-associated acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"243","author":"Achiron","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haas J. High dose IVIG in the post partum period for prevention of exacerbations in MS. Multiple Sclerosis 2000;6(Suppl 2):S18\u201320.","DOI":"10.1177\/135245850000602S05"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/00001503-200206000-00015","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and anesthetic implications","volume":"15","author":"Dorotta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100024732","article-title":"Anesthesia in multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Bamford","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-8180(88)90006-2","article-title":"Anesthesia for obstetric patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Bader","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB52","unstructured":"Stoelting RK, Dierdorf SF, editors. Anesthesia and coexisting disease. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198306000-00022","article-title":"Epidural analgesia for patients with chronic neurological disease","volume":"62","author":"Crawford","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB54","first-page":"912","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide in human milk","volume":"1","author":"Wiernik","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Drugs, American Academy of Pediatrics. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001;108:776\u20139.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.3.776"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301211503005578?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301211503005578?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T05:11:33Z","timestamp":1759554693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301211503005578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0301211503005578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-2115"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-2115","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multiple sclerosis: management issues during pregnancy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}