{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T07:32:40Z","timestamp":1794209560387,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejog.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]],"date-time":"2020-06-27T03:34:06Z","timestamp":1593228846000},"page":"303-312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) and anal incontinence: A meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"252","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4199-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michail","family":"Sideris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0987-4401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tristan","family":"McCaughey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Gerrard","family":"Hanrahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Arroyo-Manzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4519-6903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swati","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranee","family":"Thakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Chaliha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakila","family":"Thangaratinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3226-y","article-title":"Impact of subsequent birth and delivery mode for women with previous OASIS: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Webb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-014-2406-x","article-title":"National survey of perineal trauma and its subsequent management in the United Kingdom","volume":"25","author":"Thiagamoorthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3109\/00016340903576004","article-title":"A systematic review of etiological factors for postpartum fecal incontinence","volume":"89","author":"Bols","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13019","article-title":"Obstetric anal sphincter injury: the changing landscape","volume":"122","author":"Jha","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-2-9","article-title":"Management of obstetric anal sphincter injury: a systematic review & national practice survey","volume":"2","author":"Fernando","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000000318","article-title":"Can anal sphincter defects be identified by palpation?","volume":"22","author":"Shek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00799.x","article-title":"Occult anal sphincter injuries--myth or reality?","volume":"113","author":"Andrews","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4369","article-title":"Meta-analysis to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter damage","volume":"90","author":"Oberwalder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0045","article-title":"Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury","author":"Fernando","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"6933","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6933.887","article-title":"Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair","volume":"308","author":"Sultan","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0060","first-page":"S46","article-title":"Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): outcome of primary repair and risk factors for anal incontinence","volume":"25","author":"Ehrhpskmjm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0065","first-page":"1074","article-title":"Anal endosonographic assessment of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of obstetric anal sphincter injury and correlation with anal function and symptoms","volume":"31","author":"Sai-Mplmdao-New","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0070","first-page":"139","article-title":"Correlation of endoanal ultrasound findings and clinical symptomatolgy following anal sphincter laceration repair","volume":"24","author":"Hajtnckigec","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235567","article-title":"Are sphincter defects the cause of anal incontinence after vaginal delivery? Results of a prospective study","volume":"43","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0883-0","article-title":"Outcome of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS)--role of structured management","volume":"20","author":"Andrews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0085","first-page":"130","article-title":"Use of endoanal ultrasound as complimentary evaluation for detection of anal sphincter injury after vaginal birth","author":"IAIIV","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2010.494205","article-title":"Outcomes from medium term follow-up of patients with third and fourth degree perineal tears","volume":"30","author":"Bagade","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234778","article-title":"Anal sphincter injury after vaginal delivery in primiparous females","volume":"44","author":"Belmonte-Montes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0100","first-page":"15","article-title":"[Postpartum sphincter rupture and anal incontinence: prospective study with 259 patients]","volume":"28","author":"Benifla","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Fertil"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(96)80135-8","article-title":"Endosonographic assessment of postpartum anal sphincter injury using a 120 degree sector scanner","volume":"51","author":"Campbell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.115997","article-title":"Anal function: effect of pregnancy and delivery","volume":"185","author":"Chaliha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1893-x","article-title":"Endoanal ultrasound for detection of sphincter defects following childbirth","volume":"24","author":"Corton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"1 Supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0120","first-page":"S161","article-title":"Evaluating pelvic floor disruption following vaginal delivery using three-dimensional transperineal ultrasound","volume":"216","author":"Slvdlyysh-C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0075-z","article-title":"Long-term consequences of first vaginal delivery-induced anal sphincter defect","volume":"48","author":"Damon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4349","article-title":"Symptoms and anal sphincter morphology following primary repair of third-degree tears","volume":"90","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2013.08.017","article-title":"Functional and physiological outcomes following repair of obstetrics anal sphincter injury","volume":"11","author":"Dickinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"A case. Int J Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.12.029","article-title":"Can we predict obstetric anal sphincter injury?","volume":"210","author":"Drusany Staric","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2017.05.008","article-title":"Impact of mediolateral episiotomy on incidence of obstetrical anal sphincter injury diagnosed by endoanal ultrasound","volume":"51","author":"Drusany Staric","year":"2017","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"Supplement 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0150","first-page":"S235","article-title":"Science or magic: advice after an OASIS","volume":"36","author":"Ccgimsm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15924","article-title":"Postpartum two- and three-dimensional ultrasound evaluation of anal sphincter complex in women with obstetric anal sphincter injury","volume":"49","author":"Espuna-Pons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0160","first-page":"195","article-title":"Follow-up of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) with endoanal ultrasound-a quality improvement service in a university teaching hospital","volume":"124","author":"Nqsorhuwmo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bjog Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0165","first-page":"643","article-title":"Diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by postpartum endosonography to predict fecal incontinence","volume":"95","author":"Faltin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0170","first-page":"684","article-title":"Does a second delivery increase the risk of anal incontinence?","volume":"108","author":"Faltin","year":"2001","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e366ef","article-title":"Overlapping compared with end-to-end repair of third- and fourth-degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"116","author":"Farrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108880","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial comparing primary overlap with approximation repair of third-degree obstetric tears","volume":"183","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00200-6","article-title":"Prospective study of the influence of parity and operative technique on the outcome of primary anal sphincter repair following obstetrical injury","volume":"89","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5586","article-title":"Transperineal sonography (TPUS) compared with endoanal sonography (EAUS) in the diagnosis of anal sphincter injury following vaginal delivery","volume":"32","author":"Fowler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0195","first-page":"1058","article-title":"The natural history of clinically unrecognized anal sphincter tears over 10 years after first vaginal delivery","volume":"111","author":"Frudinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08236.x","article-title":"Changes in anal anatomy following vaginal delivery revealed by anal endosonography","volume":"106","author":"Frudinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"9183","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11205-9","article-title":"Effect of second vaginal delivery on anorectal physiology and faecal continence: a prospective study","volume":"354","author":"Fynes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0210","first-page":"S1462","article-title":"A prospective study - Do anatomical defects after immediate repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries correlate with urinary and bowel symptoms?","volume":"22","author":"Sjkspkd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.11.045","article-title":"Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter laceration: a randomized trial of two surgical techniques","volume":"192","author":"Garcia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0220","first-page":"80","article-title":"[Applicability of 3\/4D transperineal ultrasound for the diagnosis of anal sphincter injury during the immediate pospartum]","volume":"85","author":"Garcia-Mejido","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cir Cir"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-013-2273-x","article-title":"Perineal body length as a risk factor for ultrasound-diagnosed anal sphincter tear at first delivery","volume":"25","author":"Geller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.1998.770707.x","article-title":"Third degree obstetric tears; outcome after primary repair","volume":"77","author":"Gjessing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.1998.770415.x","article-title":"Objective methods cannot predict anal incontinence after primary repair of extensive anal tears","volume":"77","author":"Goffeng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12481","article-title":"Prevalence of anal sphincter injury in primiparous women","volume":"42","author":"Guzman Rojas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0245","first-page":"332","article-title":"Does anal sphincter trauma heal?","volume":"122","author":"Dzvkaigrrlsd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bjog Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2006.01121.x","article-title":"Early results of immediate repair of obstetric third-degree tears: 65% are completely asymptomatic despite persistent sphincter defects in 61%","volume":"9","author":"Hayes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-15-6-246","article-title":"Incontinence, bladder neck mobility, and sphincter ruptures in primiparous women","volume":"15","author":"Jundt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0596-x","article-title":"Immediate repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture: medium-term outcome of the overlap technique","volume":"47","author":"Kairaluoma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13924","article-title":"Does the Epi-No((R)) birth trainer prevent vaginal birth-related pelvic floor trauma? A multicentre prospective randomised controlled trial","volume":"123","author":"Kamisan Atan","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70370-4","article-title":"A prospective cohort study of women after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter laceration","volume":"181","author":"Kammerer-Doak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0275","article-title":"Do anatomical defects after immediate repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries correlate with urinary and bowel symptoms?","volume":"96","author":"Kanwar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.10.008","article-title":"Anal endosonographic findings in women after vaginal delivery","volume":"78","author":"Kolodziejczak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2010.01057.x","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for anal incontinence after obstetric anal sphincter rupture","volume":"90","author":"Laine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9182-3","article-title":"Overlap technique improves results of primary surgery after obstetric anal sphincter tear","volume":"51","author":"Lepisto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"SUPPL.3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0295","first-page":"S177","article-title":"Obstetric anal sphincter tears grade 3a-are they as innocent as we think?","volume":"34","author":"Evaybgarsea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0300","first-page":"284","article-title":"2D-transperineal ultrasound for obstetric anal sphincter injuries assessment in a maternal fetal medicine department","volume":"27","author":"Lmcdrcenemffgep","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Matern Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2004.00568.x","article-title":"Anal function following third degree tears","volume":"6","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.09.012","article-title":"Internal anal sphincter defect influences continence outcome following obstetric anal sphincter injury","volume":"196","author":"Mahony","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-008-9302-8","article-title":"Effect of second vaginal delivery on anal function in patients at risk of occult anal sphincter injury after first forceps delivery","volume":"51","author":"Mahony","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2006.06.017","article-title":"The clinical significance of postpartum transperineal ultrasound of the anal sphincter","volume":"134","author":"Maslovitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-013-2215-7","article-title":"Postpartum translabial 2D and 3D ultrasound measurements of the anal sphincter complex in primiparous women delivering by vaginal birth versus Cesarean delivery","volume":"25","author":"Meriwether","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340701709372","article-title":"Outcome of primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using the overlap technique","volume":"86","author":"Molander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6419-2","article-title":"Is there any correlation between objective anal testing, rupture grade, and bowel symptoms after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture?: an observational cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Nazir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2002.810806.x","article-title":"Do occult anal sphincter injuries, vector volume manometry and delivery variables have any predictive value for bowel symptoms after first time vaginal delivery without third and fourth degree rupture? A prospective study","volume":"81","author":"Nazir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800790204","article-title":"Anal endosonographic findings in the follow-up of primarily sutured sphincteric ruptures","volume":"79","author":"Nielsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0887-2","article-title":"Anal incontinence after obstetric sphincter tears: outcome of anatomic primary repairs","volume":"48","author":"Norderval","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.10154","article-title":"Incontinence after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter tears is related to relative length of reconstructed external sphincter: a case-control study","volume":"40","author":"Norderval","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.01.018","article-title":"Outcome of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in terms of persisting endoanal ultrasonographic defects and defecatory symptoms","volume":"126","author":"Oude Lohuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3708-z","article-title":"Screening occult anal sphincter injuries in primigravid women after vaginal delivery with transperineal use of vaginal probe: a prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"292","author":"Ozyurt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(03)00111-8","article-title":"Urinary and anal incontinence after vacuum delivery","volume":"110","author":"Peschers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-003-0006-9","article-title":"Primary sphincter repair: are the results of the operation good enough?","volume":"47","author":"Pinta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.00346.x","article-title":"Sphincter rupture and anal incontinence after first vaginal delivery","volume":"83","author":"Pinta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.136","article-title":"Detecting anal sphincter injury: acceptability and feasibility of endoanal ultrasound immediately postpartum","volume":"22","author":"Pretlove","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7 Online","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0390","first-page":"e140","article-title":"Temporal endosonographic evaluation of anal sphincter integrity after primary repair for obstetric ruptures: a case for specific training of obstetricians","volume":"12","author":"Pronk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0395","first-page":"227","article-title":"Third\/ fourth degree perineal tear: Does anorectal symptoms correlate with manometry and endo-anal scan result?","volume":"121","author":"Adnanzyhhihami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bjog Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.04.032","article-title":"The association between maternal age at first delivery and risk of obstetric trauma","volume":"215","author":"Rahmanou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000246799.53458.bc","article-title":"Endoanal ultrasound findings and fecal incontinence symptoms in women with and without recognized anal sphincter tears","volume":"108","author":"Richter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-1433.2003.02920.x","article-title":"Anal sphincter function and integrity after primary repair of third-degree tear: uncontrolled prospective analysis","volume":"74","author":"Rieger","year":"2004","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1080\/003655298750026976","article-title":"A prospective study of anal sphincter injury due to childbirth","volume":"33","author":"Rieger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2010.11.017","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of endovaginal and transperineal ultrasound for detecting anal sphincter defects: the PREDICT study","volume":"66","author":"Roos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7512","article-title":"Outcome of primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): does the grade of tear matter?","volume":"36","author":"Roos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349.2010.512073","article-title":"The overlap technique versus end-to-end approximation technique for primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture: a randomized controlled study","volume":"89","author":"Rygh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0435","first-page":"S152","article-title":"Follow up of obstetric anal sphincter injury, perineal trauma clinic experience","volume":"180","author":"Beos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0440","first-page":"291","article-title":"The usefulness of anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound in follow-up of patients after an OASIS","volume":"120","author":"Ptsmsjclrw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bjog Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7478","article-title":"Defects on endoanal ultrasound and anal incontinence after primary repair of fourth-degree anal sphincter rupture: a study of the anal sphincter complex and puborectal muscle","volume":"34","author":"Sakse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310005631","article-title":"Endosonography in the evaluation of anal function after primary repair of a third-degree obstetric tear","volume":"38","author":"Savoye-Collet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3055-z","article-title":"The evolution of transperineal ultrasound findings of the external anal sphincter during the first years after childbirth","volume":"27","author":"Shek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17306","article-title":"Overdiagnosis and rising rate of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): time for reappraisal","volume":"50","author":"Sioutis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0465","first-page":"S327","article-title":"Occult sphincter defects \u2013 a problem that needs attention?","volume":"107","author":"Starck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2630","article-title":"The extent of endosonographic anal sphincter defects after primary repair of obstetric sphincter tears increases over time and is related to anal incontinence","volume":"27","author":"Starck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2006.04.009","article-title":"Effect of vaginal delivery on endosonographic anal sphincter morphology","volume":"130","author":"Starck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3109\/02841851.2010.491090","article-title":"Postpartum endoanal ultrasound findings in primiparous women after vaginal delivery","volume":"51","author":"Sudol-Szopinnska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(98)00017-4","article-title":"Occult anal sphincter trauma following randomized forceps and vacuum delivery","volume":"61","author":"Sultan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(93)90514-W","article-title":"Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery","volume":"43","author":"Sultan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312233292601","article-title":"Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery","volume":"329","author":"Sultan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08268.x","article-title":"Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using the overlap technique","volume":"106","author":"Sultan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-017-2851-3","article-title":"A retrospective review of 1495 patients with obstetric anal sphincter injuries referred for assessment of function and endoanal ultrasonography","volume":"32","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2007.01467.x","article-title":"Predictive factors for faecal incontinence after third or fourth degree obstetric tears: a clinico-physiologic study","volume":"10","author":"Tjandra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-008-0667-y","article-title":"Anal sphincter defects and anal incontinence symptoms after repair of obstetric anal sphincter lacerations in primiparous women","volume":"19","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.10072","article-title":"Three-dimensional transperineal ultrasound findings associated with anal incontinence after intrapartum sphincter tears in primiparous women","volume":"39","author":"Valsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.3923","article-title":"Postpartum evaluation of the anal sphincter by transperineal three-dimensional ultrasound in primiparous women after vaginal delivery and following surgical repair of third-degree tears by the overlapping technique","volume":"29","author":"Valsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236202","article-title":"Obstetric anal sphincter injury: prospective evaluation of incidence","volume":"42","author":"Varma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-2986-8","article-title":"Effect of vaginal delivery on anal sphincter function in Asian primigravida: a prospective study","volume":"27","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0540","first-page":"770","article-title":"Anal sphincter damage after vaginal delivery using three-dimensional endosonography","volume":"97","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-002-0296-8","article-title":"Childbirth and incontinence: a prospective study on anal sphincter morphology and function before and early after vaginal delivery","volume":"387","author":"Willis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0550","first-page":"921","article-title":"Obstetric sphincter tears and anal incontinence: an observational follow-up study","volume":"82","author":"Zetterstrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234209","article-title":"Effect of delivery on anal sphincter morphology and function","volume":"42","author":"Zetterstrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000165273.68486.95","article-title":"Diagnosis of anal sphincter tears to prevent fecal incontinence: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Faltin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.1.77","article-title":"Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems","volume":"44","author":"Vaizey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9157-4","article-title":"Does the St. Mark\u2019s incontinence score reflect patients\u2019 perceptions? A review of 390 patients","volume":"51","author":"Maeda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12283","article-title":"Obstetric anal sphincter injury and anal incontinence following vaginal birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"LaCross","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.02.015","article-title":"\u2019A worse nightmare than expected\u2019 - a Swedish qualitative study of women\u2019s experiences two months after obstetric anal sphincter muscle injury","volume":"61","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0585","series-title":"A systematic review and assessment of medical, social and ethical aspects","author":"Anal Sphincter Injuries","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050701412917","article-title":"The prevalence of occult obstetric anal sphincter injury following childbirth--literature review","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-015-2893-4","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrent obstetric anal sphincter injury (rOASI): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Jha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301211520304231?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301211520304231?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T05:51:08Z","timestamp":1759557068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301211520304231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":119,"alternative-id":["S0301211520304231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-2115"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-2115","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) and anal incontinence: A meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.048","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}