{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:20:25Z","timestamp":1783689625513,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","ejog.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T17:13:56Z","timestamp":1734023636000},"page":"159-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Rational approach to fetal heart rate monitoring and management during the second stage of labor"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"305","author":[{"given":"Edwin","family":"Chandraharan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yash","family":"Kahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Fieni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tullio","family":"Ghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0005","series-title":"Handbook of CTG interpretation: From patterns to Physiology","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-606X.20.04666-3","article-title":"Fetal heart rate monitoring in labor: from pattern recognition to fetal physiology","volume":"73","author":"Oikonomou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(96)00035-9","article-title":"Myometrial steroid concentration and oxytocin receptor density in parturient women at term","volume":"61","author":"Rezapour","year":"1996","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1995.tb11403.x","article-title":"The effect of uterine contractions on fetal oxygen saturation","volume":"102","author":"McNamara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0025","unstructured":"Oikonomou M, Chandraharan E, Management of Second Stage of Labor. Chapter In: Labor & Delivery. Chandraharan (ed). Continuous Textbook of Women\u2019s Medicine. Glob. libr. women's med., ISSN: 1756-2228; DOI 10.3843\/GLOWM.415143."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1093388","article-title":"Blockade of the Ferguson reflex by lumbar epidural anaesthesia in the parturient sheep: effects on oxytocin secretion and uterine venous prostaglandin F levels","volume":"10","author":"Flint","year":"1978","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9450.00341","article-title":"Neural pathways mediating vaginal function: the vagus nerves and spinal cord oxytocin","volume":"44","author":"Komisaruk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"issue":"3S","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.04.011","article-title":"The physiology and pharmacology of oxytocin in labor and in the peripartum period","volume":"230","author":"Uvn\u00e4s-Moberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.9734\/BJMMR\/2015\/17022","article-title":"Fetal heart rate interpretation in the second stage of labour: pearls and pitfalls","volume":"7","author":"Mcdonnell","year":"2015","journal-title":"British journal of medicine and medical research"},{"issue":"5S","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.11.1352","article-title":"Fetal defenses against intrapartum head compression-implications for intrapartum decelerations and hypoxic-ischemic injury","volume":"228","author":"Lear","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1602658","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Intrapartum Fetal Head Compression: What Is the Impact on the Fetal Brain?","volume":"7","author":"Heyborne","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJP Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.64.5.991","article-title":"Cerebral and peripheral circulatory responses to intracranial hypertension in fetal sheep","volume":"64","author":"Harris","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.24018\/ejmed.2022.4.2.1308","article-title":"Prediction of Neonatal Acidosis Based on the Type of Fetal Hypoxia Observed on the Cardiotocograph (CTG)","volume":"4","author":"Gunaratne","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.123204","article-title":"Use of umbilical artery base excess: algorithm for the timing of hypoxic injury","volume":"187","author":"Ross","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0075","article-title":"Fetal heart rate changes observed on the CTG trace during instrumental vaginal delivery","volume":"1\u20138","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000248","article-title":"Delivery of an Impacted Fetal Head During Cesarean: A Literature Review and Proposed Management Algorithm","volume":"70","author":"Manning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2012.01511.x","article-title":"Misidentification of maternal heart rate as fetal on cardiotocography during the second stage of labor: the role of the fetal electrocardiograph","volume":"91","author":"Nurani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.37871\/jbres1233","article-title":"Erroneous Recording of Maternal Heart Rate as Fetal Heart Rate During Second Stage of Labour: Isn\u2019t it Time to Stop this?","volume":"2","author":"Saeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomed Res Environ Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13008.x","article-title":"Relation between frequency of uterine contractions and human fetal cerebral oxygen saturation studied during labour by near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"101","author":"Peebles","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0100","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Effects of oxytocin-induced uterine hyperstimulation during labor on fetal oxygen status and fetal heart rate patterns","volume":"199(1):34","author":"Simpson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1995.tb11316.x","article-title":"The effect of maternal pushing on fetal cerebral oxygenation and blood volume during the second stage of labour","volume":"102","author":"Aldrich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(90)90707-R","article-title":"Biochemical changes in the mother and the fetus during labor and its significance for the management of the second stage","volume":"31","author":"Schneider","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0115","first-page":"263","article-title":"Fetal and maternal lactate increase during active second stage of labour","volume":"108","author":"Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"2001","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghi T, Fieni S, Ramirez Zegarra R, Pereira S, Dall'Asta A, Chandraharan E. Relative uteroplacental insufficiency of labor. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2024 Aug 6. doi: 10.1111\/aogs.14937. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39107951.","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14937"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.11.1417","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: A meta-analysis","volume":"284","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.014","article-title":"Inflammation-induced preconditioning in the immature brain","volume":"12","author":"Mallard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01474.x","volume":"13","author":"Eklind","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01019.x","article-title":"Synergy between antenatal exposure to infection and intrapartum events in causation of perinatal brain injury at term","volume":"109","author":"Peebles","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grether JK, Nelson KB. Maternal infection and cerebral palsy in infants of normal birth weight. JAMA. 1997 Jul 16;278(3):207-11. Erratum in: JAMA 1998 Jan 14;279(2):118.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.278.3.207"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell S, Chandraharan E, Meconium-stained amniotic fluid, Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine, Volume 28, Issue 4, 2018, Pages 120-124, ISSN 1751-7214.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogrm.2018.02.004"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01055.x","article-title":"Meconium and fetal hypoxia: some experimental observations and clinical relevance","volume":"109","author":"Westgate","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(00)00335-3","article-title":"Variables associated with meconium aspiration syndrome in labors with thick meconium","volume":"94","author":"Paz","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(00)00265-4","article-title":"Risk factors for meconium aspiration syndrome in infants born through thick meconium","volume":"72","author":"Meydanli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.9734\/jammr\/2019\/v30i530192","article-title":"The Significance of \u2018Non-Significant\u2019 Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid (MSAF): Colour versus Contents","author":"Bolten","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adv Med Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.11.035","article-title":"Elevated uterine activity increases the risk of fetal acidosis at birth","volume":"196","author":"Bakker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1959.tb44593.x","article-title":"Oxytocin and contractility of the pregnant human uterus","volume":"75","author":"Caldeyro-Barcia","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogrm.2022.05.003","article-title":"Intrapartum fetal surveillance: a physiological approach","volume":"32","author":"Griffiths","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0190","article-title":"The Pathophysiology of CTGs and Types of Intrapartum Hypoxia","volume":"9","author":"McDonnell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Women\u2018s Health Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0195","unstructured":"Zaima A, Chandraharan E. Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring. Chapter In: Labor & Delivery. Chandraharan (ed). Continuous Textbook of Women\u2019s Medicine. Glob. libr. women's med., ISSN: 1756-2228; DOI 10.3843\/GLOWM.415163."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181bc6e15","article-title":"Urgent cesarean delivery for fetal bradycardia","volume":"114","author":"Leung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2007.02.008","article-title":"Prevention of birth asphyxia: responding appropriately to cardiotocograph (CTG) traces","volume":"1","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0210","series-title":"Incidence of subacute hypoxia during active maternal pushing during labour","author":"Albertson","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0215","series-title":"World Congress of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists)","article-title":"Association of fetal ECG changes with the subacute hypoxic pattern on the CTG trace during active second stage of labour. Book of abstracts","author":"Albertson","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0220","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does the saltatory pattern on cardiotocograph (CTG) trace really exist? The ZigZag pattern as an alternative definition and its correlation with perinatal outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Gracia-Perez-Bonfils","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.12.056","article-title":"Factors associated with intrapartum ZigZag pattern of fetal heart rate: A retrospective one-year cohort study of 5150 singleton childbirths","volume":"258","author":"Tarvonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.014","article-title":"Optimizing the management of acute, prolonged decelerations and fetal bradycardia based on the understanding of fetal pathophysiology","volume":"228","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30408-4","article-title":"The incidence of maternal artefact during intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring","volume":"36","author":"Paquette","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1411476","article-title":"Incidence of maternal tachycardia during the second stage of labor: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Towers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0245","first-page":"542","article-title":"Characteristics of maternal heart rate patterns during labor and delivery","volume":"99","author":"Sherman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0250","first-page":"5556722","article-title":"True vs Spurious Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Accelerations on the Cardiotocograph (CTG): An Urgent Need for Caution","volume":"7","author":"Al Fahdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.37871\/jbres1233","article-title":"Erroneous Recording of Maternal Heart Rate as Fetal Heart Rate During Second Stage of Labour: Isn\u2019t it Time to Stop this?","volume":"2","author":"Saeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomed Res Environ Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0260","article-title":"Erroneous Monitoring of Maternal Heart Rate during labour: Is it really a \u2018Gross Failure\u2019 of care? Glob","volume":"8","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.Ayres-de-Campos,Z.Nogueira-Reis Technical characteristics of current cardiotocographic monitors Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol,30(2016), pp.22-32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015.05.005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12614","article-title":"Fetal scalp blood sampling during labour: is it a useful diagnostic test or a historical test that no longer has a place in modern clinical obstetrics?","volume":"121","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3682","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1140740","article-title":"Should national guidelines continue to recommend fetal scalp blood sampling during labor?","volume":"29","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13980","article-title":"Fetal scalp blood sampling should be abandoned: FOR: FBS does not fulfil the principle of first do no harm","volume":"123","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0285","first-page":"CD006174","article-title":"Intrapartum fetal scalp lactate sampling for fetal assessment in the presence of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace","author":"East","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.11.012","article-title":"Neonatal outcome and delivery mode in labors with repetitive fetal scalp blood sampling","volume":"184","author":"Holzmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.06.012","article-title":"Evaluating the value of intrapartum fetal scalp blood sampling to predict adverse neonatal outcomes: A UK multicentre observational study","volume":"240","author":"Al Wattar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0300","article-title":"Physiological CTG interpretation","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring Guideline"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1276559","article-title":"Foetal electrocardiograph (ST-analyser or STAN) for intrapartum foetal heart rate monitoring: a friend or a foe?","volume":"31","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.52768\/2833-5465\/1111","article-title":"Fetal Electrocardiograph (ST-Analyser or STAN): Is it time for the Requiem?","volume":"3","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13327","article-title":"Flamingo Study Group. The addition of fetal scalp blood lactate measurement as an adjunct to cardiotocography to reduce caesarean sections during labour: The Flamingo randomised controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"East","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0320.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy DJ, Strachan BK, Bahl R, on behalf of the Royal College of Obstetricians Gynaecologists. Assisted vaginal birth: Green-top Guideline No. 26. BJOG 2020;127: e70-e112","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16092"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0320.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Operative Vaginal Birth: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 219. Obstetrics & Gynecology 135(4): p e149-e159, April 2020. | DOI: 10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003764.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003764"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0325","article-title":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Evaluation of delivery options for second-stage events","volume":"214","author":"Bailit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0330","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vacuum extraction or caesarean section in the second stage of labour: A systematic review","volume":"00","author":"Thierens","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100339","article-title":"Severe maternal and neonatal morbidity after attempted operative vaginal delivery","volume":"3","author":"Panelli DM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001273","article-title":"Predictors of Failed Operative Vaginal Delivery in a Contemporary Obstetric Cohort","volume":"127","author":"Palatnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912023412301","article-title":"Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury","volume":"341","author":"Towner","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13186","article-title":"Risk factors and morbidity associated with suboptimal instrument placement at instrumental delivery: observational study nested within the Instrumental Delivery & Ultrasound randomised controlled trial ISRCTN 72230496","volume":"122","author":"Ramphul","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.09.028","article-title":"Birth simulator: reliability of transvaginal assessment of fetal head station as defined by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists classification","volume":"192","author":"Dupuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.04.009","article-title":"Fetal head position during the second stage of labor: comparison of digital vaginal examination and transabdominal ultrasonographic examination","volume":"123","author":"Dupuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19091","article-title":"Randomised Italian Sonography for occiput POSition Trial Ante vacuum (R.I.S.POS.T.A.)","volume":"52","author":"Ghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12810","article-title":"Instrumental delivery and ultrasound: a multicentre randomised controlled trial of ultrasound assessment of the fetal head position versus standard care as an approach to prevent morbidity at instrumental delivery","volume":"121","author":"Ramphul","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13251","article-title":"Reproducibility and acceptability of ultrasound measurements of head-perineum distance","volume":"97","author":"Hjartardottir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21913","article-title":"Comparison of different methods of measuring angle of progression in prediction of labor outcome","volume":"55","author":"Benediktsdottir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14951","article-title":"Angle of fetal head progression measured using transperineal ultrasound as a predictive factor of vacuum extraction failure","volume":"48","author":"Bultez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0390","first-page":"e10","article-title":"Sonographic prediction of outcome of vacuum deliveries: a multicenter, prospective cohort study","volume":"217(1):69. e1\u201369","author":"Kahrs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.01.007","article-title":"Predicting the difficulty of operative vaginal delivery by ultrasound measurement of fetal head station","volume":"216","author":"Kasbaoui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100827","article-title":"Head-to-perineum distance measured transperineally as a predictor of failed midcavity vacuum-assisted delivery","volume":"5","author":"Nallet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.04.041","article-title":"The value of intrapartum ultrasound in the prediction of persistent occiput posterior position: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"238","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14065","article-title":"Transabdominal and transperineal ultrasound vs routine care before instrumental vaginal delivery - A randomized controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Barros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14082","article-title":"Intrapartum ultrasound before instrumental vaginal delivery: Clinical benefits are difficult to demonstrate","volume":"100","author":"Dall'Asta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy DJ, Strachan BK, Bahl R, on behalf of the Royal College of Obstetricians Gynaecologists. Assisted vaginal birth: Green-top Guideline No. 26. BJOG 2020;127: e70-e112.","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16092"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19072","article-title":"ISUOG Practice Guidelines: intrapartum ultrasound","volume":"52","author":"Ghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0430","unstructured":"Chandraharan E. Acute Tocolysis. Chapter In: Munro Kerr\u2019s Operative Obstetrics. Arulkumaran S, Robson MS (ed). 13th Edition. Elsevier. 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0435","unstructured":"Chandraharan E. Role of Acute Tocolysis. Chapter In: Physiological Interpretation of CTG: From Knowledge to Practice. Volume 1 Responding to Hypoxic Stress. Glob Acad Med Edu Train, KDP, May 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gco.0000162184.45854.88","article-title":"Arulkumaran S Acute Tocolysis","volume":"17","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340601181318","article-title":"Analysis of malpractice claims with a focus on oxytocin use in labour","volume":"86","author":"Jonsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.01.023","article-title":"The association between uterine contraction frequency and fetal scalp pH in women with suspicious or pathological fetal heart rate tracings: A retrospective study","volume":"271","author":"Frenken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.09.034","article-title":"International expert consensus statement on physiological interpretation of cardiotocograph (CTG): First revision (2024)","volume":"302","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2019.1652576","article-title":"Types of intrapartum hypoxia on the cardiotocograph (CTG): do they have any relationship with the type of brain injury in the MRI scan in term babies?","volume":"40","author":"Yatham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9675","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2022.2050366","article-title":"Physiological CTG categorization in types of hypoxia compared with MRI and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with HIE","volume":"35","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030121152400678X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030121152400678X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T15:33:05Z","timestamp":1737387185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S030121152400678X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S030121152400678X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-2115"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-2115","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rational approach to fetal heart rate monitoring and management during the second stage of labor","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}