{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:30:30Z","timestamp":1779114630304,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejog.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:38:31Z","timestamp":1758087511000},"page":"114720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Gender and Sex Conscious Medicine and the future direction of health care: An invited scientific review by the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"315","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"Glezerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Louwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tahir","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0005","series-title":"Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0010","series-title":"Sex and Gender in Acute Care Medicine","author":"McGregor","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0015","series-title":"Gender Medicine","author":"Glezerman","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(08)00001-9","article-title":"Gender differences in pharmacological response","volume":"83","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.07.061","article-title":"Menstrual cycle-related exacerbation of disease","volume":"202","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000475748.02721.3d","article-title":"Surgical timing and the menstrual cycle affect wound healing in young breast reduction patients","volume":"137","author":"Lopez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009083","article-title":"Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Ayabina","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0040","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/09\/04\/world\/asia\/afghanistan-earthquake-rescue-efforts-women.html?searchResultPosition=2."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106779","article-title":"Gender disparities in difficulty accessing healthcare and cost-related medication non-adherence: the CDC behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS) survey","volume":"153","author":"Daher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2023.09.049","article-title":"Androcentric bias in surgical equipment - what challenges do women face?","volume":"227","author":"Koo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0055","article-title":"Female sex is associated with increased reported injury rates and difficulties with use of orthopedic surgical instruments","volume":"13","author":"Fram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30315-0","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on women and cardiovascular disease: time for a shift in women\u2019s health","volume":"393","author":"Mehran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12498","article-title":"Sex differences in the incidence of severe pain events following surgery: a review of 333,000 pain scores","volume":"15","author":"Tighe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzikevits M, Gordon-Hecker T, Rekhtman D, Salameh S, Israel S, Shayo M, et al. Sex bias in pain management decisions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Aug 13;121(33).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2401331121"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2019.03.004","article-title":"Is there gender discrimination in acute renal colic pain management? A retrospective analysis in an emergency department setting","volume":"20","author":"Naamany","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.03.001","article-title":"Gender biases in estimation of others' pain","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.018","article-title":"An overview of FDA-approved new molecular entities: 1827-2013","volume":"19","author":"Kinch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.07.003","article-title":"2020 in review: FDA approvals of new medicines","volume":"26","author":"Kinch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00308-5","article-title":"Sex differences in pharmacokinetics predict adverse drug reactions in women","volume":"11","author":"Zucker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000206","article-title":"Sex- and gender-based pharmacological response to drugs","volume":"73","author":"Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0110","series-title":"Essentielle Frauengesundheit","first-page":"161","article-title":"Gender-and sex specific pharmacology","author":"Glezerman","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13734","article-title":"Normative values for region-specific colonic and gastrointestinal transit times in 111 healthy volunteers using the 3D-transit electromagnet tracking system: influence of age, gender, and body mass index","volume":"32","author":"Nandhra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840380424","article-title":"Sex is a major determinant of CYP3A4 expression in human liver","volume":"38","author":"Wolbold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200948030-00001","article-title":"Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"48","author":"Soldin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S291964","article-title":"Sex-gender differences in the effectiveness of treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"van Kessel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1999.00610.x","article-title":"Improvement in pain and bowel function in in female irritable bowel patients with alosetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist","volume":"13","author":"Mayer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2013.4414","article-title":"Effect of drinking on all-cause mortality in women compared with men","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.04.069","article-title":"Does sex matter? The influence of gender on gastrointestinal physiology and drug delivery","volume":"415","author":"Freire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233521","article-title":"Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity","volume":"339","author":"Markle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11011","article-title":"Sex differences in faecal occult blood test screening for colorectal cancer","volume":"106","author":"Koskenvuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.12.004","article-title":"A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure","volume":"39","author":"Ruigrok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-019-09443-1","article-title":"Update on sexual dimorphism in brain structure-function interrelationships: a literature review","volume":"44","author":"Pallayova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00185","article-title":"Brain differences between men and women: evidence from deep learning","volume":"8","author":"Xin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.138537","article-title":"Sex-related differences in the presentation, treatment and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary events","volume":"95","author":"Dey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.09.004","article-title":"A systematic review of race, sex, and socioeconomic status differences in postoperative pain and pain management","volume":"38","author":"Thurston","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Perianesth Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0190","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.iasp-pain.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/DECLARATION-OF-MONTREAL.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0195","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.iasp-pain.org\/publications\/iasp-news\/iasp-announces-revised-definition-of-pain\/."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz004","article-title":"Gender differences in the prevalence and characteristics of pain in spain: report from a population-based study","volume":"20","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Trujillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4053","article-title":"Different immune cells mediate mechanical pain hypersensitivity in male and female mice","volume":"18","author":"Sorge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0210","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/world\/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html Updated 13.3.2023 and accessed 2.8.2025."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175399","article-title":"Availability and affordability of antimalarial and antibiotic medicines in Malawi","volume":"12","author":"Khuluza","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0220","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/12-11-2021-new-who-report-maps-barriers-to-insulin-availability-and-suggestsactions-to-promote-universal-access. Accessed 22 November 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0225","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/activities\/treating-malaria#cms. Accessed 11.8.2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0230","unstructured":"Roser M. \u201cTwice as long \u2014 life expectancy around the world 2018.\u201d Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved 8.8.2025 from: 'https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/life-expectancy-globally'."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2017.1395821","article-title":"Gender and poverty: what we know, don\u2019t know, and need to know for Agenda 2030","volume":"24","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gender, Place & Cult"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0240","unstructured":"University of Washington\u2019s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, \u201cGlobal Burden of Disease Study 2019\u201d, 2020: https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/research-analysis\/gbd."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08475-9","article-title":"Population-wide analysis of differences in disease progression patterns in men and women","volume":"10","author":"Westergaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0250","unstructured":"United Nations Women. Turning promises into action: Gender equality in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York, NY 10017, USA; 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0255","unstructured":"Ellingrud K, Perez L, Petersen A (McKinsey Global Institute), Bishen S, Ghouaibi. Moore J (World Economic Forum) et al. \u201cClosing the gender health gap is a $1 trillion opportunity.\u201d Biopha Dealmak (2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood T, Bitzer J. Accelerating progress in sexual and reproductive health and rights in Eastern Europe and Central Asia- reflecting on ICPD 25 Nairobi Summit (Eur J Obs Gynae Rep Biol)- https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.12.040.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.12.040"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood T, Bitzer J, Nizard J, Short M. The sexual and reproductive health of women: Unfinished business in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia Region: A joint position statement issued to mark the 25th anniversary of the Cairo International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Nairobi on 12th November, 2019 (Eur J Obs Gynae Rep Biol)- https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.12.038.","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2020.1718638"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.10.012","article-title":"The United States Supreme Court ruling and women\u2019s reproductive rights: a position statement by the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology","volume":"279","author":"Louwen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Obs Gynae Rep Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.03.010","article-title":"Health inequalities in antenatal care in the European Region: EBCOG Scientific Review","volume":"272","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Obs Gynae Rep Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.10.011","article-title":"EBCOG position statement on inequalities in antenatal care provision in Europe: in the wake of an EBCOG survey","volume":"279","author":"Khattak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Obs Gynae Rep Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.05.026","volume":"299","author":"Khattak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.05.015","article-title":"The consequences of armed conflict on the health of women and newborn and sexual reproductive health: a position statement by the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology","volume":"274","author":"Savona- Ventura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Obs Gynae Rep Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720_b0295","unstructured":"https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/report\/2025\/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2025.pdf."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301211525009960?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301211525009960?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T03:41:13Z","timestamp":1765338073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301211525009960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0301211525009960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-2115"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-2115","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gender and Sex Conscious Medicine and the future direction of health care: An invited scientific review by the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114720","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114720"}}